Roads End Naturalist

Exploring the natural world as we wander at the end of the road

  • Amphibian Exploration

    Posted by

    Melissa Dowland

    In the middle of June, I got to lead the Museum’s Educators of Excellence Institute in Yellowstone. One of the highlights of our trip was exploring a pond that had formed behind sand bars at the edge of Yellowstone Lake. Greg had heard chorus frogs calling and wanted to explore. Right off the bat, I saw movement as a large frog jumped into the water. It was a Columbia spotted frog! Shortly after that, I spotted a small boreal chorus frog and picked it up to show everyone. As we waded further along the marshy edge, one of the teachers, Mikayla, hollered that she’d spotted a salamander! It was a blotched tiger salamander, the only species of salamander found in Yellowstone. As we continued to explore, we found three more salamanders, another Columbia spotted frog, and a bunch more chorus frogs.

    Blotched tiger salamander

    North Carolina has more salamander species than any other state, with a total number that hovers around 60 (but changes frequently as scientists argue over lumping similar species together or splitting them out into separate species). In addition to the salamanders, there are many species of frogs and toads. The humid climate and variety of habitats found across the state lead to this level of diversity.

    In Yellowstone, there are only 5 species of amphibians: 2 types of frogs (the two we found in the pond), 2 types of toads (the boreal toad, which our group saw later in the trip, and the western spadefoot toad), and 1 species of salamander. So to find three of the five species in one pond was amazing!

    I wrote about our favorite North Carolina salamander, the spotted salamander, in one of the stories for Volume 1 of my book series, Walks with a Naturalist (which are now available through a platform besides Amazon… more info here!).

    Here’s that story…

    Salamander Night Out

    It was a rainy December night.  It wasn’t too cold, even though it was winter in North Carolina.  It was just the kind of night Mike and I hope for!  We knew it would be a special night.  We put on our rain jackets and rain pants and rubber boots, and we went outside.  We slowly explored with flashlights.  

    Mike saw something shine in his light.  It was a spotted salamander!  We rushed over to see.  It was dark-colored with bright yellow and orange spots.  It had big, bulgy eyes.  And it was crawling as fast as it could.  We followed it.  It headed straight for our pond!  It climbed into the water.  We shined our flashlights into the pond.  Under the water were lots of other spotted salamanders!  Some crawled on the bottom.  Some swam up to the surface for a breath of air.  Some nudged each other.  

    Two nights later, Mike and I went out and looked into the pond with our flashlights again.  A spotted salamander was holding onto a stick with her four legs.  She was laying eggs!  Attached to the stick was a blob of clear jelly.  In the blob were many clear circles with dark centers, her eggs.

    Spotted salamander laying eggs. Photo by Mike Dunn.

    We watched the eggs over the next few weeks.  The eggs swelled to a bigger size.  The dark centers of the eggs developed into tiny salamanders with heads and tails.  One day, there were lots of tiny salamanders swimming in the pond.  The eggs had hatched! 

    Spotted salamander egg mass.

    The young salamanders got bigger.  We noticed they had feathery gills on the sides of their heads.  They used their gills to breathe.  They had four tiny legs.  They ate mosquito larvae and other small insects living in the pond.  They kept growing. 

    Spotted salamander larva. Photo by Mike Dunn.

    Then one day, they were gone!  They had grown into salamander teenagers, called metamorphs.  The metamorphs returned to burrows in the woods.  They would eat bugs and worms and slugs.  They would grow up.  In a few years, on another rainy winter night, they would return to our pond to lay eggs of their own!

    Metamorph: A salamander that has recently transformed. For a spotted salamander, a metamorph has absorbed its feathery gills and is ready to leave the pond, but it doesn’t have all the features of an adult yet.

    Last week, Mike and I returned to the pond on the shore of Yellowstone Lake. This time, we didn’t hear or see any boreal chorus frogs. There were still a number of Columbia spotted frogs around. And though we looked and looked, we didn’t see any adult tiger salamanders. However, I was excited to spot some small salamander larvae. You can distinguish them from tadpoles because they have large, feathery gills on either side of their head. They were about two or three inches long and quickly scurried away when they spotted us so, unfortunately, we didn’t get any pictures.

    Mike and I don’t know a ton about the life cycle of the blotched tiger salamanders in Yellowstone yet. Without a pond in our yard, it’s a little bit harder to keep track of what’s going on with them! Mike found a master’s thesis (Steven Hill, 1995, Montana State University) about their behavior in Yellowstone indicating that they typically move to ponds to breed in April or May, then return to their terrestrial burrows in July and August. Most of their movement happens within 24 hours of rain. We’d had a few rainy days and nights between when I saw them with the Institute teacher group and when Mike and I revisited the pond last week. We suspected that the adults had migrated away from the pond on those rainy nights.

    We didn’t notice any eggs in the pond, but tiger salamanders lay eggs singly or in small groups, so they would be harder to find than the spotted salamander eggs pictured in my story. I suspect the larvae we saw may have hatched last year and remained in the pond through the winter, because they seemed a bit too large to have hatched this spring. At high elevations like in Yellowstone, the aquatic larvae may stay in the pond up to two or even three years before they transform into adults. And in some cases, they may reach sexual maturity but remain in an aquatic form with gills for their entire life (called neoteny or paedomorphism).

    Mike and I are excited to revisit the pond to see if we can observe a bit more of the life cycle of Yellowstone’s one type of salamander. We’ll let you know what else we learn!

  • Raising Raptors Update

    Posted by

    Mike Dunn

    A bird is safe in its nest — but that is not what its wings are made for.

    ~Amit Ray

    We checked on the raptor nests a couple of times this week and there have been some interesting developments. We drove up to see the great horned owl nest on Thursday and when I looked at the nest cavity I didn’t see the adult or the two owlets. I was disappointed and worried at first but after glassing around the area I saw the two owlets sitting in a dead tree about 50 feet from the nest tree. Then I spied the well-camouflaged adult perched below them.

    Great horned owl family in their new tree (click photos to enlarge)

    I think she may be glad they have departed what seemed to be cramped nesting quarters as she can now just sit on a branch without being jostled by the squirmy youngsters.

    Mom chilling out in the new digs

    Great horned owl babies often leave the nest before they can fly, a process known as “branching”. They may jump or even fall out of the nest and then will try to climb off the ground on leaning trees (to be safer from most terrestrial predators). Since both owlets are in the same tree I am guessing they jumped and used their developing wings to clumsily fly over to that tree where they probably had a less than graceful landing. This behavior usually occurs at about 6 to 7 weeks after hatching. They will stay in this area for a few more weeks as the adults continue to bring their food. I may try to get up there one more time to see if I can find them to check in. Happy to see them make it this far.

    Once again we set up the scopes and filmed a bit of the owl family. One owlet was behind a tangle of branches so Melissa just filmed the larger one. Here is a clip of that little dude (videos best viewed full screen).

    –The larger of the two owlets doing some stretches

    On the way out to the owls we stopped at the red-tailed hawk nest but it was so windy we couldn’t get any decent video. Here is a shot showing two of the three nestlings. They have really grown.

    Baby red-tails are really growing and look almost ready to fly

    The osprey nest was occupied by the female adult but the young were hunkered down so we didn’t get any images. Our last stop was the peregrine nest. The three remaining young were visible and the adult was sitting in a favorite perch on our side of the canyon. We enjoyed sharing the scope views with a family who had hoped to see some birds on their visit. I saw the adult fly off the perch so we started looking to see what it might try to catch but we lost track of it in the deep canyon. Suddenly it flew into the nest and the young scrambled over each other to get the food. We were trying to see what it had brought when it picked up the prey and turned – a fish! Here is a somewhat long clip of the feeding frenzy. See if you agree with us that this fish looks a bit stiff so maybe she found a dead fish along the river? So, on our few visits where we have witnessed the adult bring in prey, the premier avian predator that is supposed to eat primarily birds has brought in two birds, a rodent, and a fish. I guess you bring in anyting you can find when the kids are hungry.

    –The peregrine adult picking at a fish to feed the hungry chicks

    After the adult leaves the chicks continued to peck at the fish and squabble a bit over it. One chick did some wing testing but that always made me nervous since one false step means a very long fall down to the river below.

    –Still lots of action from the chicks after the adult leaves

    We checked again a couple of days later and all three are still there though they were mainly hiding back in the crevice holes to escape the heat. That morning we also checked the red-tailed hawk nest and could see only one chick for sure. As we climbed the slope across the road from the nest for an off-trail hike with friends, I looked up and saw an adult red-tail flying with a juvenile. I’m pretty sure one of those young has left the nest and was getting lessons on how to use a thermal. Though I didn’t have a camera with me it is something I will have a memory of for a long time.

    And here is one last raptor sighting we had recently. Though it isn’t a nest photo, this bald eagle was posing nicely on the tip of a tall conifer near a pullout in Round Prairie so I thought I would share.

    A beautiful bald eagle in the top of a tree in Round Prairie

    Though we remained in our car, I think the eagle decided to move on and when it did it provided us with a unique photo op.

    The eagle’s head seen through its wing feathers as it lifts off

  • Of Bears and Ants

    Posted by

    Melissa Dowland

    “Well, let me tell you, ants are the dominant insects. They make up as much as a quarter of the biomass of all insects in the world… And the rest of life is substantially dependent upon them.”
    ~E.O. Wilson

    Here’s another one of the stories from my book series, Walks with a Naturalist. This one, Hot Ants, is from Volume 1. Stay tuned at the end for some fun follow-up from recent explorations in the park, and how bears relate to this whole thing!

    Hot Ants

    When Mike and I visit Yellowstone, we always carry an infrared thermometer.  It’s like the ones that doctors sometimes use.  You point it at something and pull the trigger, and it measures the temperature.  In Yellowstone, an infrared thermometer is perfect for taking the temperature of hot springs because you aren’t allowed to touch them.  They could burn you, and some contain chemicals that aren’t good for you!  

    One time, we were hiking in Yellowstone with our infrared thermometer, and Mike noticed a huge ant mound.  It was about the size of a squishmallow.  The top of the mound was covered with short needles from fir trees.  The needles were old and brownish-orange, not fresh and green like the ones on the trees.  

    There were ants crawling on the mound and on the ground nearby.  The ants had red heads and black abdomens.  They were bigger than the sugar ants that come into our kitchen.  They were smaller than the huge carpenter ants we see in rotting logs.  

    Mike pointed the infrared thermometer at the ground.  It was 85 degrees.  Then he pointed it at the ant mound.  It was 95 degrees!  The ants had built their mound in a sunny spot.  The heat from the sun warmed their mound.  Later that night, the fir needles on the top of the mound would keep it warm, like the blankets on your bed keep you warm at night.  Ants need to be warm to grow and survive.  

    Mike and I enjoyed watching the ants.  Some ants took care of the mound.  They made sure the needle blanket covered the whole mound.  Other ants went out to collect honeydew from aphids.  Aphids are insects that feed on the sap of plants.  Their waste is honeydew, a sweet liquid that the ants like to eat.  We also noticed that some ants would find dead insects and carry them back to the nest for food. 

    Thatch ants with aphids. Photo credit: Greg Skupien

    After doing some research, we discovered these ants are called western thatch ants.  The word “thatch” means a roof made from plants.  That’s just what the ants did – they built a mound with a roof made from plants!  

    See if you can find ant colonies near your home.  What are your ants doing?   What type of home do they live in?

    Last week, I had the privilege to lead the NC Museum of Natural Sciences’ Yellowstone Institute with twelve amazing teachers from all over North Carolina, plus two awesome coworkers from the Museum. On our last morning, we took a final visit to Lamar Valley to look for wildlife. One of the first wildlife encounters of the day was a male black bear on the side of the road. We watched from the safety of the vehicles as it stopped and dug in a bunch of spots.

    Black bear digging

    I love how you can see the dirt flying at the start of this video! Video credit: Robin Owens-Pittman, one of the teachers in our group, shot through the van window.

    After the bear crossed the road and moved away from where we were parked, we hopped out of the vans to figure out what it was after. We found a number of spots where we could tell it had been digging by the streaks of fresh soil on top of the vegetation and usually at least a small hole, too.

    Spot where the bear was digging

    Each place the bear had dug, ants were scurrying everywhere. Many of them were carrying larvae or pupae, much like you’ve probably seen them do if you’ve ever turned over a rock or a log and disturbed an ant nest. We could only assume the bear was digging up ant nests and eating the ants!

    A close crop of the hole in the previous picture. You can see a few ants with white pupae or larva along the top side of the hole.

    You might also notice the pieces of dead vegetation surrounding this hole. The bear was targeting the mounds of thatch ants, like the ones in my story, for its breakfast!

    About a week later, Mike and I were out in the park and spotted a cinnamon-colored black bear in the same area where the workshop group at seen the black bear digging. This bear seemed more intent on turning over rocks than throwing dirt around.

    “I wonder what’s under this rock?”
    You can see the pile of dried vegetation that is the thatch ant mound under and in front of the bear’s paw.

    Once again, after the bear moved on, we got out to take a look at what it was up to. We found a number of flipped rocks, and again, most were swarming with thatch ants!

    Flipped rock with some ant-thatching around the edge

    Though I knew bears ate ants, it was really neat to see that behavior in action! A little googling brought up a number of scientific studies on ant-foraging by bears. I found this gem of a quote in a study in a 2004 issue of Western North American Naturalist: “A 41-kg, 2.5-year-old male bear shot in mid-July as a nuisance bear had consumed 2.1 kg (wet weight) of Formica, approximately 7840 workers and 54,700 brood [larvae and pupae]. The value of this meal was about 695 calories, which would have provided about 37% of this bear’s daily maintenance requirement.” That’s a lot of ants! The authors of the paper suspect that bears are preferentially searching for and consuming ant larvae and pupae because they are more digestible than adults and have no way to defend themselves.

    Taking that a step further, a 2014 study suggested that bear predation on ant nests caused a trophic cascade. You’ve probably heard about the tropic cascade tied to gray wolves: more wolves means less elk which means healthier aspens and willows (among other things). Recent publications are showing it’s nowhere near as simple as that… but wolves most certainly play a role.

    In the bear-ant case, here’s how it plays out. Thatch ants protect sap-sucking insects and collect their honeydew, as I described in my story. Without bear predation, the sap-sucking insects (in the case of the 2014 study, leafhopper nymphs) thrive under the protection of the ants. More sap-sucking insects means more damage to their host plants. But in areas with increased bear predation on ants, there weren’t as many ants remaining to guard the leafhopper nymphs, allowing predators of the nymphs to swoop in and eat them up, leading to few leafhopper nymphs. With fewer leafhopper nymphs, there was less stress on the plants, and the plants grew measurably better. It’s always amazing to rediscover just how interconnected the natural world is!

  • Harlequin

    Posted by

    Mike Dunn

    The male in breeding plumage is one of the more visually chaotic birds in North America.

    ~Aaron Bailey, Owner, Teton Excursions

    On most of museum educator workshops in years past, we would stop at LeHardy Rapids to look for a particular species, the harlequin ducks. This stretch of fast-flowing waters is considered by some to be the boundary between Yellowstone Lake and where it becomes the Yellowstone River. The rapids are spectacular in spring and the colorful ducks that spend several weeks here are equally impressive.

    A gang of harlequin ducks hanging out on the rocks at LeHardy Rapids

    Most years, we see only the boldly patterned males hanging out on a few rocks in the rapids. This year, Melissa and I saw a female who is mainly grayish brown with a noticeable white spot on the side of the head. The common name, harlequin, comes from colorful characters in theatrical productions of Italian comedy in the 16th to 18th centuries that were popular in much of Europe. The character’s costume was quite garish with bold colors and patterns and in the late 1700’s these ducks were given the name because of the male’s colors. Even the scientific name, Histrionicus histrionicus, is from Latin meaning “theatrical”.

    Illustration from Wikicommons of one of the comic characters for which these ducks are named

    It was amazing to watch these birds navigate the rapids. They are well-adapted to live in these harsh conditions: they have powerful legs and webbed feet for propulsion against the current; they use their wings, held slightly open, to help steer in the waves; and they have densely packed feathers that trap air providing both insulation and buoyancy after diving to feed on aquatic insects and small fish. Even that flashy color is believed to help camouflage them in the waves. Studies of museum specimens have provided data suggesting these ducks suffer more broken bones than any other species, not surprising given their habitat of rushing waters and boulders.

    A male and female swimming against the rapids

    –A pair of harlequin ducks riding the waves

    These birds thrive in fast-flowing waters like LeHardy Rapids
    A harlequin male torpedoes upstream over a rapid
    Their dense feather layers hold air and make the birds quite buoyant so they tend to pop back to the surface like a cork even in the roughest waters
    A male flaps his wings after spending minutes in the waves

    They tend to be at LeHardy Rapids for several weeks with females then departing to nest on smaller tributaries that are not quite as fast-flowing. They migrate to coastal waters for the winter were they feed on a variety of tidal marine invertebrates. Due to their remote habitat preferences, little is known about overall population trends although their wintering population in the northeastern United States has been declining.

    LeHardy Rapids provides birdwatchers with an excellent chance to see these beautiful birds every spring and we always look forward to spending time with these elegant “clowns of the waves”.

    The harlequins posing in their clown suits (the males that is) on their favorite perch in the rapids

  • Walks with a Naturalist – Volume 3 is out!

    Posted by

    Melissa Dowland

    My third book is out! I introduced the first two and wrote about how this whole project came about back in May. The third volume includes thirty more nature stories with photos and illustrations on topics ranging from the white ash tree that was in my yard growing up to finding ant lions in your backyard to snorkeling with colorful fish in mountain streams to seeing wild canids in Yellowstone. Check it out here:

    Available on Amazon now, click the image to take you to the site.

    Here’s a sneak peak at one of the stories from Volume 3…

    Dipper Dinner

    One of my favorite birds to watch in Yellowstone is the American dipper. Dippers are small gray birds about the size of a robin. That might not sound exciting. But dippers are special birds. They are the only songbirds that are aquatic! That means they only live in and around the water.

    It seems that whenever I spend time near a rushing stream in Yellowstone, I see an American dipper. The dipper is almost always sitting on a small rock at the edge of the stream. It bobs its body up and down nonstop, like it is dancing to the music of the water. That’s why it’s called a dipper! Dippers particularly like riffles, where the water is shallow and rocky and fast-flowing.

    As I watch the dipper, it jumps off the rock and into the water. The dipper can swim! Sometimes, its head and neck bob above the surface as it uses its big feet to walk across the slippery river rocks. Sometimes it goes completely underwater and uses its wings to swim!

    American dipper looking for insects underwater

    After about ten seconds in the water, the dipper jumps back up onto its rock. I can see a small insect in its beak. It shakes the insect a few times. Then it gulps the insect down. It happens so fast! I watch the dipper through my binoculars as it catches more insects. I want to figure out what kind of food it is eating.

    American dipper with an insect in its beak

    When the dipper first hops out of the water onto the rock, I can see something brown in its beak. But after it shakes its prey, I see some green color on it. I suspect that the dipper is catching caddisfly larvae. Caddisfly larvae have dark head capsules, six legs, and a long, segmented abdomen. On some species of caddisfly larvae, the abdomen is green, like the dipper’s prey.

    Caddisfly larva

    Caddisfly larvae live in streams and ponds. They hide out in shelters they build from leaves or sticks or rocks. Their shelters help them stay hidden and protect them from predators. But not from the American dipper! The dipper easily spots a caddisfly larva, grabs it in its beak, carries it to a rock, shakes off its brown case, and gulps down the tasty green insect inside.

    American dippers like to eat all sorts of other things they can find in streams. Once, Mike and I even watched a dipper catch and eat a small fish! Even in the middle of winter, dippers find prey in places along a stream where the water is flowing too fast to freeze. Brr! It’s a good thing the dipper has lots more feathers than most other birds the same size.

    What are the favorite foods of birds that live near you? Do you have birds that like to eat insects? Can you figure out what kinds of insects they are eating?

    Aquatic: An aquatic animal is one that lives in the water.

    To take this story a little bit further, here’s some video I shot through our spotting scope of an American dipper catching a caddisfly (I think) back in February. This moment is actually what inspired the story for my book!

    American dipper catching a caddisfly

    Pretty much all of the stories are based on real events like this one, though I did elaborate in a few cases (like when I claimed to be interested in cicadas as a teenager… that didn’t really happen until much later in life!).

    If you pick up a copy of Walks with a Naturalist, I’d love to hear what you think!

  • Raising Raptors Redux

    Posted by

    Mike Dunn

    I rejoice that there are owls…They represent the stark twilight and unsatisfied thoughts which all have.

    ~Henry David Thoreau

    On Monday I was planning a hike to get away from the crowds along the roadways in the northern range. As I was driving, I decided to go down the Blacktail Drive, a one-way 6-mile dirt road through some beautiful landscapes. I was immediately disappointed when I saw another car ahead only a half-mile in. Turned out to be two stopped cars so I slowly eased up, looking left and right to see what they might be watching. The first car moved off as I approached, then the second, and I never saw anything, a frustratingly common occurrence in the park. What did they see? Well, the first car was stopped in a wide spot a little farther along so I rolled down my window and asked. With a huge smile, the man said “a black wolf, and we got some great pictures”. It had crossed the dirt road in front of them and then stopped and finally walked into the trees and over the hill as I drove up. I was bummed to say the least! I later spoke to the occupants of the second car and they confirmed it had been a wolf. This is Yellowstone – you never know what you might see anywhere anytime.

    At the end of the drive you come down to the main road near the Petrified Tree road. I could see a large crowd gathered across the meadow so I assumed it was another black bear, although the thought of a possible moose made me pull over and get out to go see. I walked up to the edge of the knoll and there was a large cinnamon brown bear grazing in the clearing. I stood and watched the people, knowing that many were thinking they were seeing their first grizzly, an understandable mistake if you aren’t familiar with these brown-colored black bears that are so common in Yellowstone. As I walked back to the car, “nature called” so I went beyond the lot into the trees. When I came back there was a man in a truck parked next to me who enthusiastically told me about the bear just over the rise. He wanted to know if I saw anything back in the trees. Well, not wanting to admit it, I said I was looking for a western tanager. He exclaimed, “oh, you’re into birds?”. He then shared he had an amazing encounter with some birds as he drove into the park – “I had to pee, you know how that is”…I nodded. He continued “I got out of the truck and went into the woods and heard a hoot”. He looked around and saw a great horned owl nest with two chicks. I asked him where and he began giving some vague directions that led me to a possible location where I knew owls had nested in the vicinity in years past. I thanked him and headed straight to that area. I pulled over and got out looking for likely trees (hollow trees, broken snags, or trees with old nests or mistletoe clumps) and, incredibly, I saw an owl atop a broken tree trunk. I walked way around and above the tree hoping to have a better angle for viewing, but I could only see the adult sitting on the edge of the snag. By the way, all these photos are taken with my 200-800 mm telephoto and are cropped. I was trying to not disturb the birds. At times, I obviously was spotted by them. But other people walk around this popular area so I think the birds are accustomed to seeing people nearby. But I doubt many people see the birds as they blend in very well.

    The adult owl on the edge of the nest (click photos to enlarge)

    I continued to move uphill and the owl then spotted me so I stopped.

    She looks at me as the sun breaks out

    I kept wondering how that guy saw two owlets, but figured the little ones had been standing when he was there. I looked up behind me and it was a steep slope with a jumble of huge jagged boulders. Not very inviting. I did think that in my younger days I might have tried it, but I thought better of it now. I then decided to go to another vantage point on the opposite side of the tree and see what the nest looked like. That was the secret as I saw an owlet staring at me.

    One owlet looks at me when I made a wide circle around the tree to the opposite side
    After watching for many minutes, the other owlet raised up.

    I went back to the car and brought out the spotting scope and hooked up my phone on the adapter. Now I was much farther away and was partially hidden in some trees so any passing people would hopefully not see me observing the birds (I just didn’t want this to become a spectacle as the nest was approachable unlike the previous raptor nests I filmed).

    Here are just a few of the clips I made while watching these beautiful owls…

    –One chick (the largest I think) was moving around a lot more than the other one. Here it is moving its head around perhaps trying to focus on something.

    –Both owlets get into the act in this clip. At one point the adult looks at them as if to say “would you guys settle down”. It didn’t work.

    I have a lot of footage of the owls sitting in the nest, the wind blowing their feathers as they take a siesta or keep an eye on what’s going on below. But here is a different perspective showing the incredible talons that make great horned owls such lethal hunters.

    After a light rain, I reluctantly headed back home. This is how I left them. They seemed pretty relaxed. Wishing the owlets a successful first flight in a few weeks.

  • Raising Raptors

    Posted by

    Mike Dunn

    The wild hawk stood with the down on his beak and stared with his foot on the prey.

    ~Alfred Lord Tennyson

    While Melissa is out with her teacher workshop, I have been busy observing wildlife in the park. Not the usual megafauna of wolves and bears, but some of what most people claim to be “less glamorous” species from trout to dragonflies. Most birds also tend to fall into that category but I decided to spend yesterday trying to observe feeding behavior at three raptor nests visible from the park roads. We have watched these nests before and seen the nestlings, but I wanted to try to film the adults feeding their young. It turned out to be a 7-hour marathon requiring patience and lots of discussion with park visitors.

    All three nests are across a river from pullouts along a road and are on steep or inaccessible terrain making them safe from human disturbance. Here is what the nest sites look like from the roads. These images are taken with a telephoto lens so you can see why most people never see them as they drive by (although the osprey nest is fairly visible if you are paying attention).

    A red-tailed hawk nest in a cavity in a cliff face. The nest is just left of center in this photo (click photos to enlarge)
    A peregrine falcon nest in a crevice in the canyon wall
    This osprey nest has been here for many years

    I started with the red-tailed hawk nest which is probably the least known of the three. I sat in a folding chair next to my car with my phone attached to a spotting scope (with a Phone Skope adapter) for about 90 minutes watching the nest (a full 30 minutes before the adult bird showed up). During that time, fewer than 10 vehicles stopped and only 4 where someone got out to ask what I was looking at. And when I showed two of those the hawk babies through the scope, they said “cool, have you seen any bears”? Birds get no respect:)

    I had hoped to get the adult bird flying into the nest with prey but in all three nests I missed that as the birds came in so quickly and it takes a few seconds for the camera to turn on and focus once you hit the buttons. The hawk brought in a rodent of some sort, perhaps a Uinta ground squirrel based n the color of the fur. For the next 56 minutes, the adult hawk tore into the prey item feeding bits of it to the hungry nestlings. Enlarge the videos to full screen for best viewing.

    –Note how the smallest chick often sneaks bites from between the adults’ legs

    Unlike songbirds, raptor chicks hatch in the order the eggs are laid causing size disparities in the young with the first to hatch generally being the largest. The older chicks often get fed the most because of their larger size and aggressiveness.

    After almost 30 minutes of feeding, the two largest chicks were full. The adult starting pecking at the carcass and then attempted to swallow the remains, which required some effort to get down.

    –The adult hawk finally leaves the nest after gulping down the remains of the meal

    I next moved on the peregrine falcon nest site. Falcons have nested in this section of the canyon for many years and word spread early this year about the location of this year’s nest. It is in a small crack in the vertical canyon wall across the river from a couple of pullouts. The overcast day provided better light as the shadows can be very dark on sunny days. As I was getting the scope set up, the adult falcon flew in with a prey item which I assumed was another bird. On previous visits we had seen a northern flicker and perhaps a dipper brought in to feed the chicks. It wasn’t until I reviewed the footage on the computer that I discovered the prey was a rodent! I can’t quite tell what it is so if you have thoughts, let me know. I was amazed, but studies show that although most of a peregrine’s prey is bird life, they do occasionally eat insects, small mammals, and even reptiles.

    –The adult falcon bringing in a rodent to feed its young

    This nest originally contained 4 chicks. Research indicates that peregrine’s usually lay 3 to 4 eggs but have a survival of an average of 2 young per nest. You can see the size differences here. We watched a feeding a few days prior to this and the noticeably smaller fourth chick received very little food as it was positioned behind its much larger siblings during the feeding. We later learned that chick died and was fed to its siblings. This is not an unusual fate for the smallest young in a raptor nest, especially if it is a year with sparse prey availability.

    –The adult falcon leaves the nest after the feeding. Note how large the feet of the young falcons are in relation to body size at this stage. Perhaps that helps them stay put on their tiny landing on the sheer cliff face.

    This feeding was much quicker than that at the red-tailed hawk nest and it seemed the adult bird ate more of the prey. I believe the noticeable paired bulges on the necks of the young birds is from the food in their crop. As the food moves into their stomachs, those bulges disappear.

    My last stop was at the osprey nest. This is a popular visitor stop as the pullout is quite large and many people stop to observe the nest. I had a lot more interaction with visitors at this location. I posted earlier this spring about watching the pair refurbish the nest by breaking off limbs from trees along the river and flying them back to the nest. I waited here for well over an hour before the male brought back a trout for the young (studies show that the male usually does all of the fishing during nesting). The female quickly started tearing off pieces and feeding the chicks. It seemed that she was more equitable in her feeding then the other two raptor species I had watched earlier.

    –The male has just brought a trout to the nest and then flies off to an adjacent branch as the female feeds the young.

    You’ll see one of the chicks squirt its poop over the edge of the nest at the start of the clip. After the feeding, the female flew for a couple of minutes, no doubt for some well-deserved alone time. The male stayed on the branch next to the nest. When she returned she did a little house-keeping and moved a stick to a new spot. A nearby lightning bolt encouraged me to wrap up an incredible day of observing raptors raising their young. The spotting scope and phone combination provides some incredible insights into the lives of these amazing birds.

  • Even More Babies

    Posted by

    Melissa Dowland

    Apparently, I shared about our spring baby encounters too soon! Over the past few days, we’ve had a number of other adorable baby encounters.

    There’s been a mother bear and her cub-of-the-year hanging around the road lately… and we happened by an afternoon wrestling session between mother and cub.

    Bear wresting

    Then, guiding a tour for Yellowstone Wild a couple days later, I came across the same pair. This time, the cub was up in a tree taking a nap on a narrow, uncomfortable-looking branch. Before long, the cub got up, walked the tightrope to the tree, and climbed down to mom. Then, it was snack time!

    Black bear cub on a limb

    Climbing down the tree

    Snack time

    We’ve known about a peregrine falcon nest for a few weeks, and when we stopped by to check it out, we were lucky enough to see the adult bring in a meal to the chicks. Peregrines are bird predators, and sure enough, the meal the adult brought it was some sort of bird, though hard to tell what kind. I wondered if it was a coot, but Mike thinks the feet aren’t big and lobed enough. He’s wondering if it could have been an American dipper. In the rocky nook that is the nest, there were also a bunch of red feathers from a northern flicker that the adult had fed the chicks earlier that morning.

    Note the small fourth chick in the back. Raptors start incubating as soon as the first egg is laid. That egg hatches first, and the chick is the largest. The last egg laid is the last chick hatched. This is a strategy to increase the chances of survival of at least one of the chicks (the first one). The first chick is the largest and gets the most food, therefore, it has the best chance of survival. The last chick, also the youngest, is smallest. Many times it doesn’t survive.

    Peregrine falcon nest

    While watching the peregrines, we also spotted some bighorn sheep on the slope above the rocky raptor nest. The group had a couple of lambs with it. We watched as one of the lambs goofed off above the shear cliff. It’s amazing to think these little critters learn so quickly to stay stable in such a place.

    Bighorn babies

    Mike shared about a very young sandhill crane colt in his Colt post last month. I hadn’t seen one since that little colt and its parents moved on from their over-popular pond, so I was excited to spot one with my tour group this week. The video isn’t super sharp (heat waves cause wavy views in the heat of the day through a scope)… but check out its adorable chicken-wings!

    Sandhill crane colt flap

    There’s a fox den folks have been watching lately, too. I took my tour group to check it out, but sadly, the fox kits were having nap time. However, a bit earlier in the day, Mike had visited and had a chance to watch some baby fox antics.

    Fox den

    Tomorrow, I pick up a group of North Carolina educators at the Bozeman airport for our NC Museum of Natural Sciences’ Yellowstone Institute. Tag along on that trip through the Educators of Excellence blog, and maybe there will be even more baby sightings to share!

  • Baby Season

    Posted by

    Melissa Dowland

    “All animals are born with innocence, curiosity and love.”
    ~Anthony D. Williams

    Springtime in baby season in Yellowstone. The bison start first, dropping their fluffy orange calves starting in mid to late April. This spring, every time we went out in the park and spotted a bison cow with her tail up, I took a second look. Of course, bison raise their tails frequently… you may have heard that a tail up means one or two things: charge or discharge. It can be sign of agitation… or, the obvious. But in spring, a tail held straight up for a longer time on a female bison can signify something else — that it’s time for a calf to arrive.

    bison with its tail up charging after a black bear
    Charge! This bull bison was charging after a black bear.

    Despite our efforts, we didn’t catch a bison birth this spring. While there’s still a chance for a late birth — there always seems to be a calf or two that arrives late and holds its orange color later into the year than others in its cohort — it’s a lot less likely. Now, the big herds dotting Lamar Valley or wandering the high slopes seem to have an almost even number of dark brown cows and orange calves.

    So now, our baby search has shifted to moose, elk, pronghorn, and deer. Just a few days ago, we got a message from our friend Andrew that is living in our house in Pittsboro that he had seen a deer inside the deer fence. A couple days later, after another sighting in spite of a fence repair, he walked the fence again and discovered the source of her persistence: a fawn stashed just inside the fence! Deer (and elk and pronghorn) leave their scentless babies hidden while they go out to feed, returning a couple times a day to nurse and clean the baby. Staying hidden keeps the baby safe until it is able to keep up with the herd.

    curled up whitetail deer fawn next to fence
    A white-tailed deer fawn just inside the deer fence at our house in Pittsboro. Photo by Andrew Torlage.

    Here in Yellowstone, we’d heard that folks were starting to see elk calves, and there was a report of a pronghorn giving birth near the entrance station. I was jealous. Well, after a day in the park with our friends Deb and Keith, who were visiting from North Carolina, we arrived back into cell service to a text message from our next door neighbor, Trudy, that an elk was in labor in the backyard between our two houses! It had started about two hours prior, and I was so disappointed that we had missed it. But apparently elk labor can last up to 3 hours. I checked in with Trudy, and the elk was still there and still in labor. Trudy had seen the calf’s feet emerge from the birth canal briefly, but they had pulled back in.

    We hurried home. We quietly snuck up to the downstairs window where we could see her. She was only about 15 feet away, and we worried we were too visible and would make her uncomfortable, something we definitely did not want to do. So we went upstairs and piled on our bed to look out the second story window. For about an hour, kneeling in a somewhat uncomfortable position to look out over the head board of the bed, we watched.

    The elk was laying on her side with her legs out straight. We could tell when she had a contraction as her body tensed and her eyes bulged. Sometimes, she’d kick one of her legs out straighter. A few times she stood up slowly and shifted position, seemingly trying to get comfortable. Finally we saw hints of the feet of the baby. The hooves were bright white while the legs were dark, almost black. Eventually, after much pushing and shifting and what looked like a lot of discomfort, the head of the baby elk appeared. We could sort of make out one eye through the sac encasing the baby. It seemed to take a long time, but finally with much pushing and eye bulging and effort, the baby emerged, except for its back legs. For a moment, it didn’t move… but soon it uncurled its head and kicked its legs. The mother stood up and the back legs dropped out. She immediately turned around to eat the birth sac off the calf and lick it clean.

    Baby elk nursing

    The calf was small and very dark colored. As the mother cleaned and licked the baby, its fur fluffed up, and before long it had a more typical brown color with hints of the white spots that help it stay camouflaged. As the baby elk flailed around, trying to stand up, the mother delivered the afterbirth and began to eat that as well. Apparently, it is typical in the animal world for a mother to eat the birth material. It provides much-needed nutrients, and it helps remove an attractant for predators and scavengers from the site of the birth.

    As the calf tried to stand, it would straighten its back legs and push its butt into the air. Its front legs, folded underneath it, proved tricky to straighten. Multiple times it tried and fell back to the ground. Finally, it managed to get all but its hooves straight; they were still tucked back and under. But soon it gained its feet and wobbled around next to its mother. It nuzzled up to her, likely looking for her udders. It kept trying her neck… but finally found the right spot between her back legs and managed to get its first meal.

    All in all, her labor ended up taking about three hours, and it look about 30 more minutes for the calf to be able to stand. That evening. she took the calf across the street away from any remaining scent of the birth and into a thicker area of vegetation. We haven’t seen our little friend again yet, but that’s probably because his mom is hiding him in a safe place.

    Here’s a video of the entire process. I tried to cut it down to a reasonable length, so it has some cuts when the process took time. Note that it includes the sight of blood and birth materials… so you may not want to watch it if that makes you squeamish.

    Here’s a video of footage compiled from my iPhone and Mike’s camera (the close-up portion) of the elk birth out our bedroom window.

    We couldn’t believe our luck to get to witness such a miraculous event… but turns out, it wasn’t our only birth for the season! The following week, we took a camping trip to an area west of the park. As we were out exploring some dirt roads in sagebrush country, we came around a curve. I noticed a pronghorn out in the sage. Something about her posture struck me, and I told Mike to stop. Sure enough, the first of her twins wobbled beneath her legs as the head of its sibling, encased in a bluish membrane, emerged from her birth canal. She saw or heard us and somehow managed to pause the birth as she watched us with her wide, dark eyes. When she didn’t avert her attention after a few minutes, we backed the truck back around the curve. Out of sight, we climbed a nearby hill. Through the trees we could watch and not disturb. I actually think she could still sense us even there, but we were still and she eventually got back to work.

    Her labor continued and shortly, we saw the second fawn flop to the ground. Even before its back legs emerged, I could see it moving its head and front legs. Our view of her and the twins came and went as they moved in the sagebrush. The twins were dark, the second darker than the first. And though both quickly gained their feet, the wobbles in their skinny legs were adorable. Their heads were only about half the size of their mother’s, but perfect mimics with the same dark eyes and curious, tall ears. The afterbirth came all of a sudden as the mother rose again to her feet, tail end in the air. We watched the tiny fawns stumble around their mother for a while, then we left the new family to itself and drove away, thoroughly amazed.

    I shot this video of the newborn baby pronghorns with their mom through our spotting scope.

    We’ve been keeping an eye out for babies on our recent visits to the park, too. Recently, we got to watch the joyful clambering of baby mountain goats high on a cliff. It’s amazing how quickly they gain the dexterity to climb and not fall.

    This video is of some distant goats taken with my iPhone through the scope.

    And just a couple days ago, while guiding some guests for Yellowstone Wild, I spotted a pronghorn fawn with its mother. This one was a good bit older than the newborns we saw last week, and it looked like maybe it had reached the stage where it would travel with the herd.

    I took this video of a baby pronghorn nursing through a scope while guiding a tour for a lovely family from New York.

    Spring is an amazing time of year in Yellowstone!

  • Drumming

    Posted by

    Mike Dunn

    The sound is so low…it’s one that you feel more than you hear.

    ~Martha Fischer, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology

    We took a 4-day road trip last week to various public lands in western Montana and eastern Idaho. Our goal was to see as many birds as possible in the different habitats we traversed. After camping in some beautiful country and enjoying the magnificent scenery, I’d say we accomplished our goal. A highlight for both of us was hearing several ruffed grouse drumming in an aspen grove near our campsite. We walked in a bit trying to find a particularly persistent one. We sat and listened and finally saw it fly a bit farther into the woods when we got up and were walking along the edge of the treeline. We decided to leave him to his pursuits and left. But as we started driving along the dirt road, Melissa spotted another grouse on a log in some aspens not far off the road. We watched it drum and then decided to back up for a better view. We have learned it is always a risk to back up for a better view of an animal once you have driven past it a bit (we think they know they have been seen and that makes them nervous and often they flee).

    But this grouse was on a mission – drumming to establish his territory and hopefully attract a female. The vegetation was fairly thick so our first views were somewhat obstructed by leaves, but we sat and watched in awe as he drummed a couple of times. I finally decided to back up just a bit more and found a spot where I could film the bird without many leaves or twigs in the way.

    If you have never seen a grouse drum, it is a truly remarkable sight. The drumming is performed by rapid (extremely rapid in fact) wing beats and contrary to what some people once thought, the wings don’t flap against each other or the log to create the sound. The deep drumming sound is actually created by the fact that the fierce beating of the wings creates a vacuum and as air rushes back in it creates a mini sonic boom. A drumming session typically lasts about 10 seconds and has roughly 50 wing beats. It starts slow and then gains momentum, trailing off at the end. We witnessed a couple of false starts consisting of one or two slow wing beats before the bird settled back into a more relaxed position.

    Here is a short video showing the drumming in real time. Unfortunately, I didn’t have my external microphone on so the camera’s mic doesn’t really pick up the low sound of the wing beats. Here is a sample of their sounds from The Cornell Lab of Ornithology (click the display tab and watch their video of one drumming as seen from behind).

    –Ruffed grouse drumming

    Now here is another clip of him drumming a different time in slow motion. When filming in slow motion with this camera there is no audio.

    — Drumming in slow motion. It is still incredibly fast! And notice how the nearby vegetation gets blown by the air from the wing beats. Melissa noticed several nearby leaves blowing that aren’t in this field of view.

    I remember hearing this unusual bird thunder in the mountains of Virginia and North Carolina years ago. I have only seen the bird in action one other time so spending several minutes with this avian percussionist was a real treat.

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