Welcome to our new website! We hope you like it. Please let us know if you notice something missing or that needs a correction. ~Mike & Melissa

  • Trail Camera Critters, Montana Style

    Here’s to a new home, new adventure, new memories.

    ~The Wilders

    Life is different in our new home. We left behind our wildflower gardens, water gardens, and 14 acres of mature hardwoods and moved to a place with a lot of non-native plantings from the previous owner (including a lot of fruit-producing trees and shrubs) on a tiny lot that backs up to a cliff. It is a much drier place as well. We had two days of rain last week, a first of that duration since we moved in May, and recorded 0.85 inches of rain. That is by far the greatest amount we have seen in one event.

    If you have followed this blog you know that I have several trail cameras that I set out in our woods in NC to record the happenings of our wild neighbors (wildlife neighbors, that is). I have posted many times on what the cameras saw – coyotes, deer, squirrel, bobcat, turkey, opossums, raccoons, and some birds including hawks and owls. After moving here, less than a mile outside Yellowstone National Park, I wondered what the cameras might see at the edge of town where we now live. I started out by setting 3 cameras around the walkways near the house and one up at the base of the cliff above the house.

    The two current trail cameras are set at the far end of this gravel walkway next to the house and up the hill at the base of the cliff. Previous cameras were set next to the house in other locations and at one other spot at the base of the cliff.

    The motivation for setting the cameras close to the house was the sudden cutting of many of our tomato plants a couple of weeks after we planted them in the fenced beds you see in the photo above. The previous owner had installed the pictured rabbit fencing along one side of the house and then had welded wire cages over a lot of plants both inside and out of the rabbit fencing to keep small animals and deer and elk from eating his plants. He also installed an electric fence along the back edge of the yard (where the hill starts to get steep going up to the cliff) as a large mammal deterrent. It all seemed to work well until the tomato plants were cut down. A trail camera video revealed the culprit to be a critter I was unfamiliar with – a bushy-tailed wood rat (aka pack rat). They are kind of cute but have the abilities and smarts of a raccoon combined with a tree squirrel. It is very difficult to keep them out of something once they get an interest in it.

    NOTE: all videos are best viewed full screen with sound up.

    –A bushy-tailed wood rat running around up at the base of the cliff. I have many video clips of them around the house running by one of the cameras.

    Over the summer, the cameras captured many of the usual suspects over and over – mountain cottontails, various birds in the garden or at the very small water hole we created, our local cow elk browsing on the shrubs on the side of the house without the electric fence, mice, and lots of wood rats. The cameras at the base of the cliff have produced some good footage but are a pain since the wind that blows almost constantly here (especially during the day) causes the vegetation to move which triggers the cameras. I have to check them (now only one) every few days and even then, I often have a few hundred video clips to scroll through.

    There have been some interesting and surprising stories recorded on the cameras thus far. Here are a few of the highlights from our first few months in our new place…

    =Some elk walking along the base of the cliff above our house. They also frequently walk along the road in front of the house and browse on shrubs on the side not protected by the electric fence.

    -This beautiful red fox is a frequent visitor to our water hole and also regularly cruises by the camera up at the cliff.

    -A pair of coyotes walk by the cliff camera. They have been very vocal all summer and probably had a den in a rocky cliff across the road that passes by our house.

    -Here’s a slow motion clip of a coyote carrying something. I can’t tell what that is, can you? There is an old pronghorn carcass up under a ledge at the base of the cliff so perhaps it is something from that but I can’t be sure (and that is another mystery – how did that pronghorn carcass get to that location?)

    We get clips of raccoons several times a week, usually at the water hole where, being raccoons, they just can’t seem to help themselves as they explore in the water with their paws. Of course, they also often get a drink while there. But recently, we’ve caught two surprising incidents involving raccoons on that trail camera.

    -Raccoons are opportunistic predators but this video really surprised me – a raccoon carrying what looks like a freshly killed adult mountain cottontail. Did the raccoon kill it? Did something else and the raccoon found it? Could it have been hit on the road?

    There are at least two raccoons that visit our place, one with a normal-looking tail like the one in the previous video, and this one, with a skinny tail. They visit so often that once I see it is a raccoon, I often quickly zoom through the video clip just to make sure nothing unusual happened. Last week, I caught the skinny-tailed raccoon on a couple of contiguous clips and noticed a small detail – the raccoon seemed to flinch a few times. I went back and looked again and was surprised at what I saw. See if you can tell what happened in the next two clips.

    -Notice how the raccoon is seemingly reacting to something. Can you see it?

    -I looked closer and saw the cause of the raccoon’s concern. And I wonder if the raccoon got hit based on the apparent rubbing of its face toward the end.

    I zoomed in on another clip made right after the raccoon walked away (unfortunately, this makes the video a little more out of focus). But take a close look…

    -Here you can see the prairie rattlesnake watching the raccoon walk away (look closely and you can see the rattlesnake rattling its tail).

    I encountered this small rattlesnake about a month ago at the water hole. I walked over to look at the water level and the snake moved its head a bit from its hiding place in the rocks. It quickly retreated into the rocks and I had not seen it again until these video clips. Ironically, this video was recorded about three days before some big wildlife events here in the neighborhood. A black bear sow and cub were reported walking around town about two weeks ago. The sow climbed a fence on our street and was hazed by the residents and took off up the hill with her cub. That same day, a neighbor called and asked if we could come over and remove a prairie rattlesnake in their yard (in a much earlier conversation we had volunteered to do that if they ever saw one). That was also a small rattlesnake which we safely relocated to nearby uninhabited land that provided suitable habitat. Was this the same one as in our yard? Not sure.

    The wildlife encounters continued this past week. Melissa is off backpacking with some friends from NC so I am here by myself. One afternoon, I looked out the upstairs bathroom window and saw something dark sitting on the boulders in my neighbor’s back yard – a bear! I went out and found the sow and cub under their apple tree so I banged on the metal lid I had grabbed with a can of bear spray. The startled bears ran up a tree and stared at me. I backed away until they climbed down and then continued to haze them and they ran off, crawling underneath the electric fence that spans both of our back yards. Thirty minutes later they were back. Once again, I went out and hazed them until they ran off up the hill. I called our local Bear Awareness coordinator (yup, that’s a thing out here) and have set up an appointment for a site visit this weekend to review the electric fence and look at what trees might need to be removed (we have 3 apple trees on our property planted by the previous owner but they have not yet produced fruit). Bears are in their hyperphagia mode right now and are eating as much as possible before winter comes and they retreat into hibernation. Black bears are one thing to have, but the same attractants could also bring in a grizzly, and then you have an entirely different situation. So, the bird feeders have come down and I picked the fruit from our plum tree and the remaining few apples on the neighbor’s tree (with their permission). There is still a huge crab apple tree to deal with and that will probably need to get cut soon.

    When I checked the trail cameras, I found evidence of the bears on that day at both cameras.

    -The sow and cub bear caught on the cliff camera that afternoon

    -Here are the bears getting a drink at the water hole in between the two times I hazed them. Wandering the neighborhood is hot work apparently.

    As I mentioned, this is but a small sample of what the cameras have captured since our arrival in May.. Once again, the trail cameras have proven invaluable in learning about what we have in terms of wild neighbors in our new surroundings. I haven’t seen the bears again for two days. Here’s hoping the bears head out of town and don’t get into any trouble. And I will be looking for the return of the skinny-tailed raccoon and wondering if it is okay after a possible rattlesnake bite.

  • Learning New Leps

    Happiness is like a butterfly; the more you chase it, the more it will elude you, but if you turn your attention to other things, it will come and sit softly on your shoulder.

    ~Henry David Thoreau

    I was pretty good at identifying the common species of butterflies (in the Order Lepidoptera (which means scaly wings) back in NC although the skippers continued to baffle me at times. But now I must learn almost an entirely new set of the flying flowers. We don’t yet have a lot of Montana native wildflowers on our little lot but early on we were seeing a few species of butterflies flapping by the house. And that is exactly what they did – flapped by the house, most without even a brief stop for a photo or closer look. One of the first ones I noticed was a familiar-looking butterfly – a large yellow and black swallowtail, but which one? A tattered individual finally landed on a leaf in our yard one cool morning and a I snapped a couple of pics of a worn two-tailed swallowtail.

    The aptly named two-tailed swallowtail reminds me of our yard in NC which would swarm with Eastern tiger swallowtails every few years. The host plants of this species include ash and chokecherry. (click photos to enlarge)

    One day a very boldly-marked medium sized butterfly made an appearance in the yard. I grabbed my camera and snapped two photos before it flitted away.

    A gorgeous Weidemeyer’s admiral taking a break in the yard

    Weidemeyer’s admirals are related to the red-spotted purple butterflies we had back in NC. The caterpillars of both species resemble bird droppings.

    We have an irrigation system for our few flower beds and when the soil is damp, it seems to attract some butterflies that may be looking for mineral salts. This beauty showed up one morning and I was lucky enough to get a good photo before it flew off.

    A stunning checkerspot butterfly (I think it is either an Edith’s or Anicia’s checkerspot) dabbling in the moist soil of a flower bed in our yard.

    My identification routine is to use two apps – SEEK and Leps, to try to identify. I then check my only field guide for this region – Butterflies of Grand Teton and Yellowstone National Parks. After that, I submit the observation to iNaturalist and see if I can get any confirmation of my initial ID. Well, it seems as though these Western species may be a bit tougher than I’m used to and the apps often disagree or just aren’t sure. One reason is the large number of very similar-looking butterflies, especially the checkerspots and frittilaries. Here are some examples.

    An Edith’s checkerspot on a trail near Mammoth
    A relict frittilary. Most of the frittilaries use violets as their host plants. This species apparently overwinters as a caterpillar.
    It seems some of the frittilaries are best identified by their underwings. iNaturalist tells me this one is a Mormon frittilary
    These butterflies were very abundant along a nearby Forest Service dirt road this week nectaring on the abundant rabbitbrush in bloom. I identified this one as a Zerene frittilary, but there are a couple of others it could be

    I hope you see what I mean by all these look-alikes (at least to my untrained eye). I may be totally wrong but I am relying on iNaturalist primarily until a reviewer disagrees. If any of you know about these species and have a correction, please let me know in the comments.

    Another brownish and patterned small butterfly – a field crescent I believe

    I think this one is a Northern crescent

    I have seen fewer skippers than I am use to back in NC. Those are the small, often cryptically colored little butterflies that zip around making it even tougher to ID them. They are distinguished from oter groups of butterflies by most having small hooked tips at the end of their antennae. I think I have seen three species of skipper here thus far and many of them have been the introduced Essex skipper which was very abundant earlier in the summer.

    A dainty American branded skipper on rabbitbrush this past week
    A mating pair of Essex skippers
    I saw another mated pair of butterflies, this time one of the frittilaries, but they were flying by (somewhat clumsily as you might imagine based on their positions) and finally dropped to the ground allowing this one photo.

    Of course, with all that mating going on, there was also some egg laying. I saw this next species a few times doing the typical fluttery flight that females do when they are looking for a host plant. I followed this one around for several minutes as it landed and crawled on the ground. It occasionally assumed the egg laying position of a tucked abdomen. But I was confused as I didn’t see a living plant nearby (this was on a dry ridge at high elevation with sparse ground cover and scattered clumps of grasses). After much searching, I finally found an egg on a dried plant stem. It started me wondering if the egg is the overwintering stage. Back home, I looked up this species, the Rocky Mountain Parnassian, and found that my field guide stated that females lay a single egg “randomly” (another reference said she lays the eggs haphazardly). Further reading showed they lay on just about anything – rocks, leaf litter, twigs, and other plant species near their host plants. Their host plant is stonecrop, a low growing plant growing in dry open habitats. The eggs typically overwinter and the larvae hatch shortly after being exposed to warm temperatures in the spring. The caterpillars then crawl and locate a host plant.

    A female lays an egg on a dry plant stem
    Here is a Rocky Mountain Parnassian caterpillar feeding on stonecrop (Sedum lanceolatum) in early June. The sedum dies back in winter and resprouts from its base the following spring.

    There are a number of small-ish challenging butterflies that I have tried to photograph . The ones that have eluded me the most are a few (not sure if I am seeing multiple species or not) small white ones. I guess I will need to catch a few next summer to truly ID them. There is a local citizen science butterfly count each July organized by a nearby neighbor who is an excellent naturalist, author, and sculptor. I missed it this year since we were in the Tetons with family but I will definitely get it on my schedule next year to learn from some local experts.

    A small blue butterfly was one of the first I tried to identify. I believe it is a Boisduval’s blue whose larvae feed on lupine.
    One of the clouded sulphurs, perhaps a pink-edged sulphur.
    This species blended into the bare soil extremely well, making it hard to track once it landed. This pic was taken in the Beartooth Mountains at an elevation of over 9000 feet. Caterpillars of this species with the unusual name, Chryxus Arctic, require two years to develop. Because of this, in many regions, you only see the adult butterflies every two years.
    I recognized this as some sort of satyr by its lilting flight and the drab coloration marked by distinctive eye spots on the hind wings. This is a small wood nymph, and several were out nectaring on the rabbitbrush this week.
    The thicket hairstreak spends most of its time high in the treetops and comes to the ground to nectar on flowers or dabble in moist soil (as this one was doing). The larval host plant is dwarf mistletoe which occurs on various species of conifers.
    The irregular wing outline identified this as one of the so-called anglewings, a favorite group of mine back in NC. This is a green comma and like its cousins in the East, it has a silvery white punctuation mark (a comma) on the underside of its wings.

    While hiking in the Beartooths back in July, I spied this next beautiful butterfly flitting about at the base of a talus slope. It kept flying away from me so I gave the camera to Melissa who was closer to where it was nectaring. She got this great shot of one of the most beautiful species we have seen in Montana, a Milbert’s tortoiseshell.

    Its genus name, Aglais, is from from the Greek name, Aglaia, which means “splendor,” “brilliance,” or “beautiful”. They overwinter as adults so may be seen on any warm days throughout the year. Milbert’s tortoiseshells are thought to undergo seasonal elevational migrations, spending summers at higher elevations. Females lay clusters of eggs (up to several hundred) on the underside of the host plant (mainly stinging nettles). (photo by Melissa Dowland)

    I continue to stalk insects and spiders on every walk we do, grabbing a few pics and posting to iNaturalist. Hopefully, by next summer I’ll have a greater knowledge and appreciation for the many invertebrates we have as neighbors in our new surroundings. I encourage you to get out and learn about your wild neighbors, especially the small ones. They are the backbone of the natural world we live in and the more you learn, the more you will want to preserve them and their habitats.

  • Shore Patrol

    The presence of a single bird can change everything for one who appreciates them.

    ~Julie Zickefoose

    In her last post about our canoe camping trip to Shoshone Lake, Melissa mentioned how we enjoyed watching the common mergansers swim by our campsite. They were our companions over much of the 5 days on the water, both in the 3-mile stretch of the Lewis Channel and at our various campsites on the lake. But before sharing some merganser magic, I should say we did see some other species along the way. Our first birds were three white pelicans that drifted in over Lewis Lake as we paddled and then settled not far away as we made it to the northern shore.

    Three white pelicans swimming in Lewis Lake (click photos to enlarge)

    On entering the Lewis Channel we came across a calm stretch with lily pads and a conifer full of small birds – mountain chickadees, Audubon’s warblers, and a couple of Wilson’s warblers. After trying for several minutes, I finally managed a pic of a Wilson’s in its brief appearance in the sun.

    This Wilson’s warbler finaly came out into the open for a quick photo

    A little further up the channel, a pair of elegant trumpeter swans graced the still waters in a marshy bay.

    A pair of trumpeter swans eye us as we paddle past in Lewis Channel

    We soon had our first encounter with a merganser – a single bird placidly gliding near the shore of the channel, its bold feather pattern artistically reflected in the calm clear water.

    An immature common merganser drifts by in the calm waters of Lewis Channel

    Then a group of merganser young led by a female swam by in formation. Somewhat surprisingly, common mergansers usually nest in hollow trees and only occasionally in crevices on rocky ledges. The young hatch in early summer. You may see females with large numbers of young trailing behind (records of up to 40+) . This is called brood amalgamation and is well documented in this species. Some suggest that aggressive females “kidnap” young from inexperienced mothers or that it may just be a case of confused young following the wrong female.

    A female merganser leads her group of young downstream as we paddle past

    We saw many of the mergansers resting on shore as we paddled. They are built more for water than land with their legs placed well back on their bodies, but they seem to enjoy soaking up the sun on a sandy beach as much as the rest of us. This group eyed us as we paddled by and then decided to move on.

    A group of common mergansers resting on a sand bar

    As we got alongside, the female must have signaled it was time to go and they all stood up, stretched, and waddled into the water.

    As we pass, the group performs some marganser yoga and moves to the water

    The name merganser is from Latin and roughly translates to “diving goose”, an appropriate moniker for the largest of our three related diving ducks (the others being the hooded merganser and the red-breasted merganser). Other common names include sheldrake, sawbills, fish ducks, and goosanders. They mainly eat fish though we observed them picking off a few aquatic insects on the water surface. I love their hunting style of snorkeling along, eyes underwater, searching for prey. They often hunt in groups making it easier to herd and trap fish.

    A merganser with head down, snorkeling and searching for pry in the clear waters

    They were a frequent visitor as we sat on the shore at our various campsites, swimming by and searching for fish with their heads down in the water. We saw them most often early and late in the day. In breeding plumage, males are a striking combination of a dark green head and mostly bright white body with a red bill. This time of year they have molted and resemble females.

    This merganser was a bit offshore in about 5 feet of water when it dove and came up with a squirming meal

    Common mergansers are well adapted to catching fish – they have a long pointed bill with serrations along the edges and a hooked tip, both features that are ideal for holding onto a slippery prey. They are considered the carnivores of the duck world and are fast swimmers underwater. We often saw them scurrying across the water, heads under, as they tried for fish in some of their favorite fishing spots. They often hunted at the same locations as they swam back and forth, usually where a small stream entered the lake or some logs stretched into the water from the shore. These are undoubtedly places where small fish gather for food and/or shelter.

    A close look at the fish-snatching bill of a merganser

    Each day we looked forward to the mergansers swimming by our campsite. They frequently swam directly toward us as they hunted. and seemed to accept us as long as we sat still. Time spent with the mergansers of Shoshone gave me a new appreciation for this species and of their world of cold clear mountain waters.

    A group of mergansers swimming by at sunset
  • How To Love This World

    Last weekend we took a long awaited canoe-camping trip to Shoshone Lake in the southern part of Yellowstone. It’s touted as the largest backcountry lake in the lower 48 states. It can only be reached by foot or non-motorized boat. We chose that route: a paddle across Lewis Lake then up the three mile long Lewis Channel. The final 3/4 mile or more of the channel is shallow and rocky, and we had to drag the canoe through that section, especially with the low water levels of late summer. Nonetheless, the entire paddle was beautiful, and the serenity of spending four nights far from cars, computers, and civilization gave us a chance to quietly reflect.

    Mary Oliver writes in her poem Spring, “There is only one question: how to love this world.” She writes of a black bear sow, just emerged from her den, hungry. Perhaps it is a young female; otherwise she would likely have cubs with her. I can perfectly imagine her dark frame, like the bears we’ve watched in eastern North Carolina or here in Yellowstone. She is silent, the signs of her presence are “flicking the gravel,” claw marks on trees, the ripples her “tongue / like red fire” leave on the cold water. In her “wordlessness” is “her perfect love” for this world.

    sunset over lake
    The fading sunlight glints on wind-stirred water, a beautiful first evening.

    As we paddle across Lewis Lake just after daybreak, the winds begin to give rise to the day’s waves. The water is crystal clear, and the underwater world seems accessible in a way it’s not most of the time. I am mesmerized by the ribbons of light moving across the lake bottom — light from the rising sun shattered by the waves, reflecting on the sand and rock. The patterns dance as I expect the northern lights do, never repeating, but without any sharp angles. Sinuous and loose. Golden light on the sandy bottom is shaded green by the water above. The shadow of our boat and the rhythm of our strokes both obscure and shape the light.

    black and white image of swan feather on water with reflection of fir trees
    Droplets of water edge each barb of the swan’s feather.

    In the Lewis Channel the air sits still. A single white feather slides across the glassy surface. Below, a black sandy bottom dotted with broken twigs. As we glide closer, a third view appears — the reflection of spruce and fir trees, dark angles cutting the glare of reflected sky. White feather, black sand, white sky, black trees. Around the corner, the trumpeter swan pair waits, still and elegant as we silently pass.

    storm over lake with hint of light glowing above the trees
    The rolling storm spreads over our campsite in the southwest corner of the lake.

    Dark clouds from the southwest stretch across the lake. They curl toward the northern shore, sweeping the sky. Below, a glimmer of golden late day light casts a glow across the green trees, black sand, bleached wood of downed trees. Lightening flickers in the distance. In the center, a white glow, as if the storm has a heart of ice.

    family of mergansers on water
    A family of mergansers swims toward our canoe in the Lewis Channel.

    In the late afternoon light a merganser passes by, again and again. Its vivid orange legs, perfectly matched to its bill, push it confidently through the water in spite of our presence on the beach. Head down, bill in water, snorkeling for prey. Head up, catching breath. Light glints on the water droplets in its crazy headdress, a spike of rusty feathers. A dive, a wing flap, rising off the surface to show a brilliant white belly, a flash of white on moving wings. A deep cluck in its throat; just the one note, repeated.

    In the saturated banks of a spring-fed stream, just beyond the lake’s sandy beach, marsh grass-of-parnassus grows, relative to a favorite wildflower found in the mountains of North Carolina, but with delicate feathery edges its eastern cousin lacks. Nearby, an entirely unexpected discovery — sundews grow thick amidst vivid green moss and the boggy stream’s surface is covered in the thin tendril-like leaves and dark pockets of bladderwort. Carnivorous plants in Yellowstone!

    There’s nothing quite like a dip in cold water after many days in the wilderness. The temperature is a shock, even mildly painful if its frigid enough, causing a sharp inhale of breath as my I submerge my head and shoulders. But almost the moment I emerge, sun on cold skin, there’s a sensation of comfortable, tingling warmth. It’s a freshness quite unlike anything else, and I am more at home in my own skin than at any other time.

    grassy meadow flanked by spruce and fir trees, lake in the background
    A lush march rims the western end of the lake

    Midges floating above the still water look like diamond dust… but slightly more purposeful in their movement. Or like cottonwood seeds swirling in the breeze. The glassy lake surface is dotted with even more, like the first dusting of snow on frozen ground. Their tiny bodies are no larger than the tip of my pen, with just a hint of softness near the head: their feathery antennae. My mom wouldn’t tolerate their abundance well, and it is somewhat unsettling when one or two get a little to close to being inhaled. But their numbers are like a tiny miracle, a natural spectacle on a minute scale.

    starry sky over opposite lake shore with trees in the foreground
    As darkness falls, the sky comes alive with the light of thousands of stars.

    How do I love this world? I love this world most in places of solitude, quiet, beauty. When I am deep in it. When life is simplified to what fits in my boat or on my back. When I have time to sit in my hammock on a hillside, the sound of waves lapping a rocky beach, the sigh of the wind stirring lodgepole pine and subalpine fir needles, a view to distant hills above dark water when I lift my eyes from the page. And perhaps, somewhere nearby but out of sight, a silent black bear prepares herself for her winter slumber.

  • Dewlap-a-doo

    If it is meant to be, it will be.

    ~Anonymous Japanese photographer

    I’m going to try to catch up on some of the many cool things we have witnessed in recent weeks as we travel to learn about our new surroundings. Melissa’s parents visited back in July and one thing they wanted to see was a moose, arguably one of the more difficult creatures to find in Yellowstone. And, indeed, we did not find a moose here in spite of our travels up through the northeast entrance, usually the best place in Yellowstone to locate the largest member of the deer family. But, her parents also wanted to visit Grand Teton National Park during their stay, and that location offers you a much better chance of finding a moose. Yellowstone is estimated to have fewer than 200 moose whereas Grand Teton’s moose population is closer to 500 animals. And to further prove that areas’ moosiness, there is even an unincorporated community named Moose within the park.

    Oxbow Bend in Grand Teton National Park (a very moosey place) (click photos to enlarge)

    So, off we went to the Tetons for a couple of days and, sure enough, we spotted a cow and calf moose high on a meadow from the road at a place called….Moose Junction. They were pretty far away but we got out and looked for a bit and then headed on, hoping to get a closer look at another moose and perhaps even a large bull. Driving the Moose-Wilson Road produced no results but in a discussion with another visitor we learned his family had seen a large bull moose on a campground road the evening before and it had supposedly been hanging out in that area for a few days. That set our agenda for the final day in the park. We drove to that area late in the day and soon spotted a few cars pulled off on the side along the river. And there it was, a moose, and a nice bull at that!

    Our bull moose across the river in Grand Teton National Park. This is the view with my 500mm telephoto.

    The moose’ antlers stood above the riparian shrubs, but the bulk of the animal was hidden as it browsed in the thick vegetation. It started moving and suddenly stepped out into the open.

    This large bull moose had an impressive set of antlers, still covered in velvet

    We shared our scope with some bystanders and loved hearing the oohs and aahs as they got a closer look at this beautiful beast. Melissa had recently figured out a good solution for a phone adapter for her scope and started filming the moose as it fed. We switched to my phone so I could get a few clips and I was very impressed by the quality of the images, even in the low light of late evening.

    Bull moose filmed through a spotting scope with a Phone Skope adapter for our iPhones

    By this time, we had a few mosquitoes making an appearance but when I looked at the footage later I could see a cloud of insects around the moose. Not sure if he was being sucked dry or whether there was some sort of hatch of aquatic insects happening.

    The other thing I noticed was his impressive dewlap (also called a bell). Many animals from birds to lizards have this anatomical structure which is defined as “a fold of loose skin hanging from the neck or throat of an animal”. The purpose varies according to species. In Carolina anoles (I miss those little green lizards that frequented our yard in NC), the males have an impressive extendable pink dewlap that they show during courtship rituals and territorial disputes. In some birds, the dewlaps (often called wattles in birds) may help with thermoregulation and sexual displays.

    The function of a dewlap in moose is uncertain, but it seems like a nice addition to the overall look of a beast that has an unusual appearance to begin with

    Studies of the dewlap in moose have been inconclusive as to its exact function. Perhaps a dangling flap of skin may help in thermoregulation by dissipating heat from this extra surface area of vascularized skin. Or, it may serve some function in communication. Bull moose tend to rub their dewlap on females during courtship perhaps transferring scent to them. The size and shape of a dewlap may also indicate something of the health of a bull and give a cue to females of his worthiness and to rival males of his potential dominance. Then again, it may be some sort of vestigial anatomical feature that has lost all or most of its original function over evolutionary time. I suppose only the moose knows for sure. At the very least, it is a fun word to have around when discussing one of our most impressive large mammals.

  • Exploring the Beartooth Mountains

    The mountains are calling and I must go.

    ~John Muir

    I’ve been longing to get out camping since we arrived in Montana in early May. First, there was unpacking and house projects, then there were my teacher workshop and family visits, then some concerns about what seems to be a particularly explosive mosquito population this year… but finally, last week, we made it out to spend a couple nights camping in the Beartooth Mountains to the northeast of Yellowstone. We’ve visited the Beartooths many times before, typically in June with groups. At over 10,000 feet in elevation, spring comes late in the Beartooths. On previous June visits, we typically ran into tall walls of snow on the roadsides and muddy meadows just starting to sprout spring beauties. But come July, the harsh colors of June melt into vibrant greens dotted with a rainbow of wildflowers. As we roll into August, even the high elevations are starting to dry out, though more green remains in the Beartooths than at home in the Gardiner Basin, especially in wetland areas, which are numerous.

    The view from our campsite across the Chain Lakes

    On a visit to the area with a friend from Raleigh a week before our camping trip, we took a spin down a dirt road that I’d been eyeing for a while. I love exploring the back roads in our national forests, and this one did not disappoint. There were lots of excellent camping spots with stunning views of the plateau, dotted with lakes and granite outcroppings reminiscent of the Sierras. So, when we had a few empty days last week, we headed back.

    A different perspective from our campsite that shows the scattered granite boulders dropped by glaciers and the slopes of the high plateau in the background. The famous Beartooth highway climbs the hills in the left of the picture; we could hear the Harleys on the road when the wind quieted. Photo by Mike Dunn.

    We spent most of our time enjoying our campsite and hiking through the adjoining meadows, learning new species of wildflowers and looking for wildlife. The most abundant critters were white-crowned sparrows and American pipits, the sparrows alighting on the small lodgepole and whitebark pine trees that crowned our hilltop, and the pipits favoring the ubiquitous boulders dotting the meadows. We spotted a marmot or two, unsurprising given their affinity for rocky burrows. And we saw quite a few insects, including a few more mosquitoes than we’d like, but also numerous bumblebees.

    We recently took a workshop to learn how to contribute data to the Montana Bumblebee Atlas, so we were particularly drawn to observing these neighbors. Apparently, they do well in montane climates because, unlike most other insects, they can shiver to produce their own heat. We’re hoping to head back to the Beartooths tomorrow to do our first bumblebee survey!

    A bumblebee gathering pollen on arnica. There are many bumblebee species in the area, many of which are very hard to distinguish, so Mike has signed us up for a bumblebee ID workshop later this week. This is what naturalists do for fun… Photo by Mike Dunn.

    The wildlife highlights of our trip, however, happened after we packed up camp and headed out. We decided to head up towards the top of the Beartooth Pass before driving home in the hopes of catching sight of a mountain goat and with the intention of “sitting for pika” (an activity where you find a rock field, pick a boulder, and sit for a while, hoping you’ll catch a glimpse of a pika running between the rocks).

    We were in luck! As we rounded one of the last switchbacks before the summit at a spot we’ve stopped many times before (folks who’ve been on a Yellowstone Institute trip with us will know the pullout!), Mike caught a quick glimpse of goats above the road. I swung the truck into the last bit of the pullout, and we grabbed our cameras and headed up the hill. The herd of goats were bedded down near the edge of a cliff. We approached slowly, not close enough to shift their behavior, and grabbed patches of scratchy mountain grass to sit on and watch them. The nearest goat in the group was a male (called a billy) with some nannies and kids (yup, that’s what they’re called!) below and behind his position.

    Mountain goat male rubbing his face on a rock, taken with a telephone lens and cropped.

    The billy was sprawled out in a particularly photogenic spot, chewing his cud with eyelids drooping. After a while, he perked up and started rubbing his face on the rock next to him. I couldn’t tell if he was scratching, licking for minerals or salt, or maybe eating lichen. After the goats had moved on, I walked over to his rock to see if there was any sign that would help me solve the mystery of his behavior. There was a bit of crustose lichen growing on it, but not enough that it seems like a food source, so I think it may just have been scratching.

    One of the nannies heading up the hill as the billy stood watch.

    After quite a while, the billy stretched out and got to his feet. He took a few steps in our direction before the rest of the herd arose and began moving uphill. About four or five adults and three kids moved past him and began scrambling up the rocks toward the summit. After they all passed, he took a moment seemingly to survey his mountain domain, then followed them. It was a magical moment!

    Mountain goat kid scales a talus slope

    It’s amazing to watch mountain goats move with grace over talus slopes. Seeing them on cliffs from a distance has given me an appreciation for their ability to navigate impossible-looking terrain. But at close range, they seem to almost float across a landscape that makes me choose every step incredibly carefully and move slower than a caterpillar! The kids seemed to hesitate now and again, like the little guy pictured above. But their flexible and grippy two-toed hooves give them stability and allow them to make these mountains their home.

    Rocky Mountain goats are actually an introduced species in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. They are native to the Rocky Mountains in Canada and Alaska, ranging down to Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, and into western Montana, but not as far south and east at Yellowstone and the Beartooths. There are some concerns that they will take habitat niches used by bighorn sheep and that they may impact fragile alpine ecosystems in the area with their grazing.

    Once the goats disappeared over the mountainside, we turned our attention to pika. We’d heard a few of their “eeep” alarm calls as we watched the goats, so we knew they were in the area. I waded (much more slowly than a goat) out onto the talus and found a somewhat-comfortable rock to perch on. After a few minutes of quiet sitting, I saw my first pika! It had a mouthful of grass that it was carrying to its haystack. Pikas do not hibernate, so they busily spend the summer months collecting and stashing plants in piles tucked under and around rocks, where they dry into a food source to last through the long winter.

    Pika with plants to add to its haystack for winter consumption

    After watching a couple pikas with grasses head behind a notable pink boulder with plants and then depart empty-mouthed, I got up and slowly made my way in that direction. Soon enough, I spotted the pikas’ haystack in the rocks. It was a lot more extensive than I realized, extending under multiple boulders covering an area that was probably at least a square meter or two. I backed away to a spot where I wouldn’t disturb the busy critters and found another not-quite-comfortable rock to wait on.

    While waiting for the pikas to reappear, I got distracted by a different type of critter nearby. There were numerous orb-type spiderwebs strung around and between the rocks. At first, I thought the spiders were extra hairy and speculated that maybe that was an adaptation for the cold montane climate. But on closer inspection, I realized that their webs had additional silk in the center (where most of the spiders were sitting), somewhat similar to the stablimenta woven by Argiope garden spiders back east, though significantly smaller.

    This lucky spider had caught a meal.

    But back to the pikas… By softening your vision and not focusing on anything around you, your eye will catch movement in the environment; this is sometimes referred to as “splatter vision”. Using this technique, I was able to spot a pika out gathering grass and track its progress between rocks as it returned to add to the cache. After stashing its bounty, it headed back out for more.

    Pika heading back out to the edge of the boulder field. Note a portion of the haystack in the rocks beneath it.

    Though you might assume pikas are rodents given their size and behavior, they are actually relatives of rabbits. They cannot tolerate temperatures above the high 70s for extended periods of time, and they rely on snowpack in the winter for insulation since they remain active year round. Both of those factors have made them something of a poster child for climate change. As winter snowpack decreases, pika may struggle to survive winters. And if you live at the top of a mountain, you can’t go higher up to escape hotter summer weather. Perhaps even more of an issue is that populations will become more isolated as corridors where they might once have been able to move between high elevations become too hot for them to travel. Fortunately, these cuties in the Beartooths seem to be thriving for now.

  • Wolf Watching

    The gaze of the wolf reaches into our soul.

    ~Barry Lopez

    It’s hard to believe we have been in our new home now almost three months. Though we have been busy with numerous home projects and family visits, we have managed to get out into the park a few times to enjoy seeing some of the amazing scenery and wildlife that Yellowstone offers. One of the big draws here for wildlife watchers is the presence of several packs of wolves with territories inside the park including a few in the northern range near where we live. Drive through the park on any day and you may see a group of cars lining the road (or, unfortunately, stopped in the middle of the road) and you are right to assume there is some sort of interesting wildlife that has been spotted off the road (or perhaps a bison or two just walking in the middle of the pavement). These congregations of wildlife watchers are known as “jams”.

    Wolf jam in Hayden Valley (click photos to enlarge)

    While we love seeing what has caused these jams, we really prefer to have solo experiences with wildlife so we can really observe the animal’s behavior without the noise and occasional chaos that often accompanies wildlife watching from a roadway. That is one reason we like to get out of the car and hike. You often don’t need to go far to escape the crowds and you never know what you might see. Such was the case a couple of days before the latest family visit when we took a short hike in the Pelican Creek area near Yellowstone Lake. The first part of the hike took us through a small lodgepole pine forest but we eventually reached the opening we were seeking – a wide view of the creek flowing through marshy meadows and rolling hills of sagebrush, grasses, and wildflowers. Earlier, we had passed another hiker heading back to the parking area and when I asked if he had seen anything, he replied “no, just a few bison”.

    We moved to a high knoll with an expansive view of the valley before us. A few bison were scattered across the landscape and butterflies fitted around us as a gentle breeze was blowing. Suddenly, we both heard it – a faint sound, a wolf howl. Melissa quickly spotted something moving about 1/4 mile away down the valley. A wolf! There is special excitement when you see “your own” wolf…no crowds, no car noise, just you in a wild place with a wild being.

    Lone wolf coming down the valley (can you see it above the bison?)

    We watched as the wolf trotted along, occasionally stopping to look behind it. It let out a mournful howl a couple more times as it moved past us, crossed the creek, and eventually ended up bedding down on a hilltop farther up the creek valley.

    Wolf crossing the creek in Pelican Valley
    The wolf looking back (this is a heavily cropped image from my telephoto lens)

    As we started to get up to leave, Melissa saw a dark spot way down the valley. We put our binoculars on it and it was a large grizzly coming out into a meadow about a mile away. Sharing a few moments with a wolf and a grizzly was the perfect ending to a hike in Yellowstone.

    Though we love seeing wolves, our enthusiasm and effort pales in comparison to a truly dedicated group of wolf watchers that go out daily to observe and record the behavior of the wolves. Some of that information is compiled into a daily summary called Yellowstone Reports. There is a nominal fee to subscribe to this overview of wolf activity and I read it every morning to learn what others have observed. Several of the reporters also highlight other interesting wildlife sightings each day giving us a quick overview of where certain wildlife activity is in the park. A couple of weeks ago one of the reports mentioned that there were three bison carcasses in Lamar Valley which is somewhat unusual. One had been taken down by the Junction Butte wolf pack but observers were uncertain what had killed the other two. When Melissa’s parents came to visit that week, we decided to head out to see if the carcasses might draw in other wildlife.

    Entering Lamar the next morning, we came to a large wildlife jam that turned out to be a cinnamon-colored black bear feeding on one of the carcasses. Observers shared that several wolves had been on it earlier that morning. Dang it, you often learn the hard way of the benefits of foregoing sleep to get to Lamar at sunrise…oh well. We could see another bison carcass out near the river but visitors had said very little was feeding on this one. We didn’t see the reported third carcass as we went on through the valley and exited the northeast entrance. We continued on up the Beartooth Highway where the clouds, mountains, and flowers were glorious.

    The unusual purplish flowers of elephant’s head stand out in a high meadow in the Beartooths

    Later in the day we headed back to Lamar after a nice dinner in Cooke City. A red fox greeted us along the road soon after we entered the park. As we pulled into Lamar proper, a distinctive coyote was spotted right next to the road. It was the well-known coyote called limpy (some call it tripod) as it has an injured right hind leg. This coyote has been around for several years in this part of Lamar but seems to do very well in spite of its disability. We saw it give chase to something in the sagebrush but it came up short.

    The coyote they call “limpy” in Lamar

    We soon arrived at another wildlife jam. As we slowly passed through the cars and people, someone told us there was a carcass just down over the hill, barely visible from the road and much closer than the other carcasses we had seen. This was the third carcass we had missed earlier in the day. As we continued on, Melissa spotted a black wolf down in the flats potentially headed toward that carcass. So, we turned around and miraculously found a parking space in what was soon to become a massive wolf jam.

    A black wolf feeding at a bison carcass

    This uncollared black wolf fed at the carcass for several minutes. Through our scopes we could see it tearing chunks of meat and gulping them down. Soon, it stood up and trotted back the way it had come, disappearing behind the crest of the close hill. We figured it was going back to the den area and would stay hidden below the ridge line as long as it could so we drove down to the low pullout nearest the river. I was anticipating the wolf would come into view down by the river. There was a small small group of folks gathered at the pullout, many of whom had no idea a wold was heading our way. I got out of the car and was standing next to the log rail that forms a barrier for cars at this location. Suddenly, I saw the wolf trotting up over the hill just to the left of us. Instead of being down below us along the river, it was close and coming straight at us. I couldn’t believe what I was seeing as the wolf looked directly at me, its piercing golden eyes seemingly jumping from the surrounding black fur. The wolf stopped for a moment, perhaps assessing its situation, before just continuing on along its path at a trot right in front of us. I had stepped back from the railing but when it passed, it was probably no more than 30 feet away.

    The gaze of a black wolf…

    A little background here about wolf color – about half of the wolves in Yellowstone are black, the others gray to tan in color. The black color is believed to have originated from breeding with dogs thousands of years ago. This genetic variant also gives black wolves a slight advantage when it comes to surviving canine distemper virus outbreaks. Studies have shown there are more black wolves in areas that have more frequent outbreaks of this deadly canine disease. Scientists also found that gray-colored wolves tend to be more aggressive giving them a survival advantage in battles with other wolves and an overall more successful rate of reproduction. And other data shows there is a tendency for wolves of different colors to choose each other as mates which may help boost resistance of the pups to canine distemper virus and lead to more successful reproduction.

    This male black wolf has a distinctive white blaze on its chest and is well-known among the wolf watchers

    After going by our pullout, the wolf headed up towards the road and paused to look at the gathering crowd of cars and people. People were mostly respectful and only one car passed through and then stopped short when it must have seen the wolf right next to the road. After that car stopped, the wolf crossed in front of it and hurried up the hill towards where other wolves form its pack were no doubt waiting for some food.

    The wolf navigated the crowds, crossed the road, and headed back to its pack

    After the wolf disappeared, the group at the pullout was overjoyed and frankly stunned with what we had witnessed. I have never had an experience with wildlife to equal that. Looking into the eyes of a wild wolf is a powerful thing. It pulls at your soul and when it is over you feel privileged to have been a part of it. I wasn’t concerned for myself as the wolf trotted by but later felt a sadness for the wolf having to navigate the hoards of people (including us). I do worry that the wolf’s apparent lack of concern over the people being so close may lead to its demise if and when it leaves the safety of the park. So, in the end, it was an experience of mixed emotions – surprise, awe, and some sadness and worry for this majestic animal and its kind.

    While we all talked and relived that magical moment, a young man from England alerted us to another wolf across the valley. This one was a collared wolf. I believe it was the female wolf known as 1479F. She trotted along a ridge line and then stopped, looked uphill for a few minutes and then laid down.

    A collared wolf of the Junction Butte pack across the valley

    We soon saw the object of her attention – 4 other wolves coming down slope into the river valley. There were three black wolves and one gray trotting along interacting with one another.

    More menbers of the Junction Butte pack head toward a bison carcass in the valley

    After watching this show for several more minutes and sharing our scopes with various very excited people, we decided to head towards home as it was getting dark. On the drive back we all reflected on how lucky we were to have been in that spot at that time to experience such a moment. As the Barry Lopez quote above implies, the gaze of a wild wolf does change you by touching your soul and making you feel more connected to this vast wild landscape.

  • The Soul of the Land

    “A wild place isn’t one unchanged by humans. It’s a place that changes us.”

    ~Melissa L. Sevigny in Brave the Wild River

    Leaves of a backlit aspen glimmer-flutter in low angle sunlight. A robin countersings to the crunch of tires in gravel. The sharp, shadowed edge of Electric Peak contrasts brilliant sky, even at 8 pm. The hummocks beneath Sepulcher multiply in the evening, as each small fold in the landscape casts its own shadow. The air cools quickly as the sun disappears behind the travertine cliff.

    This, a moment from the couch on which I’ve spent too many hours the last three days, weathering a cold likely acquired in the overcrowded dining rooms at Old Faithful. Thankfully, it waited to show up until my group of twelve North Carolina educators departed for home.

    Twelve people who arrived as strangers and left as friends. Twelve people who put aside their individual desires and experienced the miracle of being in a wild place together. Twelve people who came to experience and learn; twelve people who left changed. And three staff, myself included, who did our best to take care of the details, who laughed and learned alongside the group, and who were changed, too. It is nearly impossible to experience a place like Yellowstone with a group of like-minded explorers, a group where each person has a goal beyond themselves, and not feel the impact. What a privilege it is… even if it ends with a miserably stuffy nose.

    I usually have very little time to record the events of Museum trips that I lead, and this one was no different. Years ago I discovered the trick of writing short snippets to help me remember special moments. Of course, I didn’t take much time even for that on this trip. So bear with me as I think back on our nine days in Yellowstone and translate some small glimmers of highlights here…

    The golden eagle nest on the rocks at Slough Creek has been there for many years. But I have never seen two adults coming and going multiple times in a row, carrying sticks and conifer branches and leaving them on the nest, the large white chick shuffling to the back to avoid being buried. Dan Hartman says they’re cleaning and fixing up the nest and that this isn’t uncommon. But what a sight to see them return over and over, to watch their golden feathered heads against the blue sky, to see their shadows fly across the rocks.

    As one educator wraps up her expert topic about pronghorn, two dash away at full speed, faster than any predator that now lives in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Their speed is likely an adaptation for a long extinct danger, the American cheetah.

    A black wolf runs across the vivid green along the Lamar River, where the valley is underlain by lake sediments that hold water, limiting the growth of trees and instead supporting lush meadows. A small creek hugs the raised terrace nearer to the road, far from the river. The dark coat of the wolf reflects in the glassy water as it jumps in and swims the short distance before disappearing behind a hill.

    A coyote meets my camera’s eye for just a moment

    An overnight storm that carried snow to higher elevations leaves lingering low clouds hugging the slopes of Mount Washburn in the early morning. I’m thankful that the Park Service didn’t see the need to close the mountain pass, because this is the most beautiful I have ever seen it. Hints of pines and firs are dark enough to appear through the thin mist. Where cloud breaks, the fresh green meadows gleam. In the foreground, wet snow clings to the towers of silvery lupine blooms. Beyond, sun glints on the snow-covered slopes and disappears into the black volcanic rocks, a study in contrast. This snow is perfect packing snow, making excellent snowballs and tiny snowmen. It tastes fresh and crunchy, like childhood.

    Clouds painting the slopes of Mount Washburn
    Snow-covered lupine blooms

    Dan Hartman takes us to his beloved aspen grove and teaches the group to wait and watch the nest cavity until the hairy woodpecker brings a mouthful of ants to the nest and the excited babies chorus inside. As we climb the hill beyond, for perhaps the first time (though I’ve tried many times before), I find a nest of my own, tucked in the crotch of an aspen tree. Days later and far from Dan’s grove, the group finds another hairy nest and stands by the trail waiting for a feeding, just as instructed.

    The mother bird, tightly tucked in her woven nest

    At West Thumb Geyser Basin, where hot spring runoff cascades under the boardwalk trail, we examine the temperature and color patterns with an infrared thermometer. In my minds eye, and perhaps in a future nature journal or activity, I create a graph that maps the relationship between the two. As orange shifts to yellow to cream, temperature rises from 70 degrees to 135. Of course, the 170+ degrees of the spring itself is not so close, but we measure it from a distance are share our amazement with nearby visitors.

    A “perfect” hike to the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, where snow hid the far rim for much of the hike. Clouds part as we arrive at Artist Point for a view of the Lower Falls, shared with excellent company, my friends and colleagues Greg and Danielle from the Museum.

    Snow is falling in Hayden Valley and its freezing cold. Two while pelicans, perhaps juveniles, as they have some black on their heads, dip in unison as they sink their bills into the creek in search of food. They repeat this dance multiple times. It is entrancing. Entrancing enough, in fact, that I miss seeing a gray wolf cross the road in front of my van!

    The morning after the snowfall, dawn comes with heavy frost as low clouds float about Yellowstone Lake and hug the distant Absaroka mountains.

    I spot a black dot up the hill beyond a parking area where the Pebble Creek Campground used to be, before the 2022 floods. It’s so dark it must be a black bear. It moves into the trees as we walk up the old campground road. I don’t think we’ll see it again, but Greg persists and soon waves us toward him. From a new angle, we watch the bear feeding on lush grass while her two cubs, one black colored and one cinnamon, play in the tall grass. A multi-generational family of women joins us, the younger helping the elder cross the rocky ground. I help them with their scope, and they are thrilled to watch the bears.

    Another black bear on the roadside eats (and walks among) a perfect field of sticky geraniums

    At dawn in the Upper Geyser Basin, I see four people standing in front of Beehive Geyser, my favorite. One wears a blanket wrapped around his shoulders. Another carries a stadium seat. All wear hats. This is a good sign. Beehive is not a “predictable” geyser, erupting once every 12 or 15 or 17 or 24 hours, depending on its mood (or the vagaries of the groundwater and heat beneath the surface). But the behavior of the people who love geysers, and who have studied long enough to see patterns where no one else does, is much more predictable. As we approach, water splashes out of Beehive’s cone to a height of maybe 10 feet. Another good sign. Sure enough, within another 5 minutes, a small crevice between the geyser cone and boardwalk fills with water and then erupts, spraying about 8 to 10 feet into the air, angled toward the boardwalk: Beehive’s Indicator. Twenty minutes later (hence the name “Indicator”), steam and water burst from Beehive Geyser to a height of 200 feet. The geyser is only about 30 feet from us. It is illuminated by the rising sun behind us and soon a double rainbow appears in the spray and steam. One of the Geyser Gazers says this is the most beautiful eruption of Beehive he has ever witnessed. It is likely he has witnessed many.

    The magic of Beehive Geyser in the morning light

    This group really loves moose. It seems they want to see a moose more than a wolf or a grizzly. Our first sighting is a bit disappointing: at a distance and brief. Our second is pretty stellar: a young bull is close in a creek feeding the Snake River, repeatedly blowing bubbles out of its nostrils as it dips its head into the shallow water to feed on vegetation. Our third… unexpected and stellar! Two large bull moose are along Soda Butte Creek. But rather than disappearing in the willows, they turn and move toward the road. An animal whose shoulder is at least 7 feet tall doesn’t get hidden in the sagebrush the way a coyote does! So we watch their progress across the valley with the iconic landmark of Soda Butte Cone in the background. They cross the road at a safe distance between our cars and others down the road; thankfully, no one sees the need to approach closer. But that’s not all! They turn and face each other, one rears on its hind legs, ears flat to its head; the other moves off more quickly. They turn and face again, looking like they might lock velvet-covered antlers, an unexpected behavior at this time of year. They move uphill into the trees and feed. What a sight!

    Bull moose and Soda Butte Cone
    Out-of-season moose aggression

    We spend quiet time at the Laurance S. Rockefeller Preserve in Grand Teton National Park. It is my favorite visitor center. It feels like a sacred space, set aside to celebrate the connection of humans to nature. Phrases of a poem by Terry Tempest Williams, commissioned specifically for this place, lead visitors through a multi-sensory exploration of the Tetons. A line catches my eye: “We recognize the soul of the land as our own.” In the quiet moments that follow, I take time with my journal to reflect on that theme. Here are my thoughts…

    The soul of the land is wild. It is that which draws us into wilderness, and life. It is the harvester ants gathering honeydew from the dark green aphids on the stem of arrowleaf balsamroot. It is the joyful song of the yellow warbler in the willow thicket. It is the chatter of the creek of rounded riverrocks. The cirque scooped into stone by ice. The croak of the raven looking for a meal. It is the fragile bark of the aspen marked by a bear’s claw. It is the cloak of steam disguising the landscape at dawn. It is the bison herd moving as a river down the valley.

    This land resonates within me. It compels me to stillness, to being. Also to movement, to wonder. It transforms complacency to curiosity, cynicism to joy. I am not the key. I am irrelevant. But I alone can build a connection. I alone can allow my soul to be animated by this land. I alone can permit my transformation. I alone can recognize the soul of the land as my own.

    A sandhill crane stands out in the perfect repetition of meadow grasses at Swan Lake

    We walk down a trail paralleling Glen Creek through an open sagebrush meadow rimmed with angular mountain peaks. As we lose sight of the road, we turn off behind a grove of lodgepole pine and Douglas fir. The hill flattens its slope before climbing further towards Terrace Mountain. We collapse in the grass and form a circle. I kick off my sandals, dusty from the well-worn stock trail, and feel the rough blades of grass beneath my feet. We talk about things that we will take home with us when we leave tomorrow. Not physical things, of course, as collecting anything in a national park is prohibited (with 5 million visitors, nothing would last, even rocks). Nonetheless, each of us will carry something. New knowledge and ideas. New stories to share with friends, family, and students. New intentions. Renewed passion. Perhaps what means the most to me is this: a new connection to this place and to each other. To hear those words spoken from the group, to see the nods of agreement, to feel their truth inside myself… this is why my work is a privilege. This is why it is important. I am grateful.

    An incredible group to share Yellowstone with

  • Bison Days

    What must it be like to be a bison, to own nothing yet have everything.

    ~Donna Frider, N.C. teacher on one of the museum’s Yellowstone Institutes

    I’ve probably used this quote on a previous post, but it seems to capture my thoughts and emotions when it comes to these incredible, almost mystical animals. Last week while Melissa was leading her teacher workshop, I took a couple of opportunities to go out after an early dinner and enjoy the park. Two of the trips were highlighted by bison, one of my favorite animals in Yellowstone. They are such majestic beasts – huge bulls can weigh 2000 pounds but have an air of serenity and calmness most of the time (but don’t let that fool you, two people have already been gored by bison this season). Bison are impressive any time of year but spring is the time of the calves with their reddish-toned fur and playful attitudes. They seem to either be zonked out or running and kicking and playing with their herd mates.

    Pair of bison calves in Round Prairie where a large herd of bison has been spending the past several days (click photos to enlarge)
    Bison calf nursing

    I really enjoy just sitting and watching bison be bison. They can be playful, protective (especially when predators threaten the calves), surprisingly fast when they want to be (a bison can run up to 35 miles per hour), energetic and agile (a bison can jump 6 vertical feet from a standing position), and are a true symbol of the American West. Herds are generally led by an experienced cow (you see several older cows with tracking collars as scientists try to learn more about their movements). Bison behavior can be fascinating and puzzling – one minute peacefully grazing, the next, they take off at a full run for no apparent reason.

    One of the fascinating things to observe is the behavior called wallowing where a bison lays on its side and rolls (but they are unable to roll over so must stand up and switch sides to get both sides done). This behavior may help rid them of shedding fur plus may help get rid of parasites and biting insects by coating their fur with a layer of dust or mud. You can see these shallow bowls of bare soil (called wallows) scattered across the landscape where bison frequently travel. And I admit to having demonstrated that behavior a time or two on workshops and one of our nephews did a very reasonable impression on their recent visit.

    Bison rolling in a wallow

    This time of year many of the old bulls are far from the large herds, often at higher elevations. Here they hang out with a few other elder statesmen, grazing unmolested until the start of the rut in July and August. Then things get testy and these titans put on some impressive shows of strength as they battle for mating rites. Last week I sat in my car with a couple of the behemoths in the northeastern section of the park and just watched and listened as they fed on the lush grasses and wildflowers.

    Massive bull bison
    A mature bull may be 6 feet high at the hump and stretch out to a length of 10 or 11 feet

    The herd on the northern range has been quite impressive in recent years with a population of around 4000 animals. They have been in large gatherings in Lamar Valley, Little America and Round Prairie this season giving a hint of what it might have been like before the campaign to eliminate them in the 1800’s. One evening I experienced one of the mot magical bison herds I have seen. It started in Lamar Valley with bison stretched out on the valley floor along the Lamar River. Many were in the large expanse of grasslands across from the Lamar Buffalo Ranch (where park staff actually ranched bison in the early years of the park in an attempt to increase their numbers). Another large herd was just east of there and across the river. I saw one large bull start to cross so I walked down to the river to watch. Soon, another bison waded the river and then the entire herd started to cross.

    Bison herd crossing the Lamar River

    As they started to spread out on my side of the river, I walked back to my car and drove up to a viewpoint to watch the hundreds of bison out in the valley. They soon all seemed to get the message to move westward and the entire herd started walking my way. This video clip captures just a moment and a small portion of this epic sight. It also captures one of the things that makes this place so incredibly special – a connection to the land and its wildlife and a glimpse into the history of this wild landscape.

    –Large bison herd moving through Lamar Valley at sunset

    Each time I experience something like this, it reminds me how incredibly lucky we are to call this place home.

  • Sharing Yellowstone

    Because in the end, you won’t remember the time you spent in the office or mowing your lawn.

    ~Jack Kerouac

    Two years ago we started planning a summer vacation trip to Yellowstone with Melissa’s brother’s family. Melissa made reservations over a year ago and we planned on dong a trip itinerary similar to what we have done with educators for so many years. Then something changed…we bought a house in Gardiner and moved! The trip was still on but we decided to stay the first couple of nights in our home and then travel the park with them and stay in park lodging to get the full experience. So, a couple of weeks ago the family arrived, shopped for food on the way to Gardiner and we began the adventure. Here are some of the highlights of our family vacation.

    We started at the park headquarters in Mammoth where the nephews could pick up their junior ranger booklets and get a quick overview of the park at the visitor center. As has been the case for as long as I can remember, a pair of great horned owls was nesting in a tree next to one of the houses in historic Fort Yellowstone. A small crowd of onlookers cued us to the presence of one of the birds. It turned out to be one of two fledglings from the nest.

    A great horned owl fledgling flew from a tree to the roof of one of the houses while we watched. Check out those talons! (click photos to enlarge)
    The squawking of a robin with a nest nearby gave away the presence of one of the adult owls in a nearby tree.

    Melissa had planned a number of outings and the first couple of days were spent in the northern range looking for wildlife and doing a couple of hikes.

    A Clark’s nutcracker gave us a nice pose at Undine Falls.
    We drove up to see our friends in Silver Gate and this red fox put on a nice show along the roadside (thankfully not begging for human food as many do these days due to careless human behavior).

    One of our favorite hikes (and apparently everyone else’s since it is now very tough to get a parking space at the trailhead) is Trout Lake. The short hike stars steep but then you reach the top and look out over an absolutely gorgeous scene of a lake surrounded by beautiful mountains. The cutthroat trout are beginning to spawn at the creek feeding the lake and several ducks were gracing the still waters with their beauty.

    A drake Barrow’s goldeneye showing off his purple head
    This female goldeneye seemed to have no fear and kept coming closer as I sat by the shore. She repeatedly dove and was obviously catching something in the shallows for a meal. This species feeds on a variety of aquatic invertebrates, crustaceans, and small amounts of seeds and other plant material. I am guessing she was feeding on caddisfly larvae and fairy shrimp, both of which occurred in large numbers in the lake.

    We stayed two nights at the aptly named Rough Rider cabins at Roosevelt (always an interesting experience). We had to run back to the house after our first night to get something and along the way we encountered several bear jams including a courting pair of black bears feeding along the roadside.

    Female black bear of the courting pair. The male was a cinnamon colored bear.

    We saw another, smaller black bear start digging into a rotten log and it quickly was swarmed by angry ants. After swiping many of the ants off its face, the bear hurried off.

    Young black bear with ants all over its head

    The next day we hiked a wonderful 4-mile trail at Canyon. The trail passes through varied habitats and gives you a much less crowded view of some of the spectacular scenery of the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone.

    View looking down the canyon below the Lower Falls

    After our hike we headed toward Old Faithful, passing through Hayden Valley. I always like stopping at some of the creeks feeding into the river to look for waterfowl. Plus, this year, the Wapiti wolf pack has a den a couple of miles out from the road near Alum Creek. We had seen them a few days before the family arrived, but it is a long view and heat wave interference makes the viewing less than ideal,. But this trip proved much different as the wolves had made a kill just across the river from the road. None were visible when we first stopped, but one soon came out and thrilled the many onlookers. Though the lighting was harsh, it was a great opportunity for observing the wolves. As we watched, one wolf came down to the river for a drink, then walked back into the trees, then back out. It laid down for several minutes as a couple of other wolves appeared. One was a large collared wolf, perhaps one of the alphas. We stayed quite a while watching and enjoying this somewhat rare opportunity for close views.

    This wolf walked along the shore for several minutes and came to the river’s edge a couple of times for a drink. It also jumped in at one point either after some ducks or a fish (observers later reported online that one of the wolves caught a fish).
    This large collared wolf came in to the scene and briefly chased a brave coyote that sneaked in and found a scrap of meat out in the flats.
    This black wolf came into the trees and apparently fed for a bit, then swam the river and crossed the road, presumably heading back to the den a couple of miles away.
    This is the main wolf we observed and here it is walking along the shoreline and occasionally glancing over to keep an eye on the crowd gathered across the river.

    After the excellent wolf watching, we continued on to Old Faithful. As has happened so often in the past, Old Faithful erupted shortly after we arrived. I’ve been spoiled over the years by getting to view this iconic geyser early in the morning with relatively few other people around. That was not the case on this afternoon as the seats surrounding Old Faithful were full of hundreds of happy tourists. Melissa had managed to get our group a couple of rooms in the historic portion of the Inn (perhaps my all-time favorite building) and we were pleasantly surprised when we got our room assignments on the third floor. It turns out our room was a corner room with an extra special perk…we could sit in the room and view Old Faithful erupting! This may be the only room in the old portion of the Inn with this excellent view.

    We had windows looking out at Old Faithful and another set looking down the Upper Geyser Basin. Melissa was in the rocking chair to my left had an even clearer view of the geyser.

    I am not a fan of the huge crowds you typically encounter in the thermal basins, but that room added a really nice touch to this trip. One of my favorite thermal areas is Fountain Paint Pots. The short trail passes by all four types of thermal features – geysers, fumaroles (steam vents), hot springs, and mud pots. I have a weakness for the mud pots and cannot walk by them without stopping and trying to capture some of their interesting and often bizarre shapes with my camera.

    Mud pot bubble bursting
    “How the Earth was formed” mud pot bubble

    Melissa wanted to check out the Fairy Falls trail on this trip to see if it was worth taking her teacher group on the following week. It is about a 3 mile round trip to the 200 foot tall falls. You start on an old freight road that goes by the overlook for Grand Prismatic Spring, the largest hot spring in the park and third largest in the world. The overlook is worth the hike as it gives you a great perspective on the size (~370 feet in diameter and 121 feet deep) and colors of this incredible thermal feature. Our neighbor works for the park and he told us this week that recently a bison was walking along the edge of Grand Prismatic and broke through the crust and fell into the spring and died in the 160 degree water. This is a rare example of a misstep by an animal in a thermal area and a cautionary tale for everyone visiting the park.

    View of Grad Prismatic from the overlook along the Fairy Falls Trail

    After the overlook, much of the trail is through a young lodgepole pine forest without much to see and we had one particularly challenging issue in the forest – the mosquitoes were the worst I have ever encountered in Yellowstone. Once we reached the falls, the breeze kept the pesky biters at bay for the most part.

    Fairy Falls is a spectacular waterfall near Grand Prismatic.

    After a couple of nights at the Inn, we headed to our last stop, Colter Bay in Grand Teton National Park. The highlight for me was a 10-mile raft trip through the park on the Snake River. I had arranged a morning trip in hopes of seeing some moose but we missed out on the big ungulates. However, we did enjoy spotting some bald eagles and waterfowl, and plenty of incredible scenery.

    Melissa on the raft with the Tetons in the background

    Her brother’s family stayed two nights at Colter Bay but we headed home after one night so Melissa could get ready for her teacher group arriving in two days. These photos are just a small sampling of what we experienced on our trip and I think everyone left loving this special place. When asked about their highlights, most thought the time spent with the wolves in Hayden was something extra special. The trip was a good reminder of the power and magic of Yellowstone and why we love sharing this place we are lucky enough to now call home.

Search the Archives

Due to our site update, photos on older posts may not display correctly. Sorry for any inconvenience.


Recent Posts