Pronghorn bucks on ridge

One of the changes I’ve noticed in the 25+ years I’ve been going to Yellowstone is an increasing number of Pronghorn in recent years. It used to be that you saw them mainly around the Gardiner area, but now they have greatly increased in numbers across the northern range, especially in Lamar Valley and Little America. Although the genus name, Antilocapra, means antelope and goat, Pronghorns are neither. They’re the only surviving member of a North American ungulate (hoofed mammal) family.

Pronghorn buck

These graceful animals get their name from their unusual horns. Both male and female Pronghorns have horns, but only the males have the distinctive prong the juts forward halfway up from the base. Males can also be distinguished by their black cheek patches, absent in females. The horns consist of a bony interior attached to the skull covered by a black keratinous sheath.  The sheath is shed annually like antlers. Male Pronghorns use their horns in competitions during the rut and may deliver serious piercing stabs to their opponents.

Pronghorn running

Pronghorns are well-known as the fastest mammal in North America, able to reach speeds of over 60 mph and sustained speeds of up to 40 mph.  They are also one of the fastest mammals on Earth – one reference said a Cheetah could outrun a Pronghorn in a short sprint but a Pronghorn would quickly pull ahead as the Cheetah tired. Pronghorns may have evolved this running ability to escape the now extinct American Cheetah, and adults can easily outrun any of the modern-day predators they encounter. They can run across a football field with as few as 10-12 bounds in as little as 3 seconds. Pronghorns have several adaptations that allow them this speed. Their heart, lungs and trachea  are several times larger than similar sized ungulates; their blood is rich in hemoglobin; and their long legs have light-weight, yet strong, leg bones.

Pronghorn with rump hairs raised

They have several other adaptations that enhance their survival in open country. The hairs on their light-colored fur are hollow, and can be controlled to lie flat and provide a protective shield against wind and water, or selectively raised to allow heat to escape. The bright white hairs on the rump can be raised and serve as an alarm signal that can be seen from great distances, much like the warning flag tail on our White-tailed Deer.

Pronghorns have large eyes and long eyelashes

A Pronghorn feature that is quite noticeable are their large dark eyes with what seem like very long eyelashes. It turns out the long eyelashes help protect their eyes from the intense sun in their open habitat. When a pronghorn looks at you you really notice their large bulging eyes on the sides of their head.

Pronghorn face showing placement and size of eye

They have the largest sized eye of any North American ungulate in relation to their size with each eyeball measuring about 1 1/2 inches in diameter (about the size of the eye of a horse). The size and placement of their eyes gives them over a 300-degree arc of vision without moving their head, a useful trait for detecting potential predators at great distances. One reference said a Pronghorns’ vision is equivalent to that of a Peregrine Falcon and they may be able to detect movement up to 4 miles away.

Pronghorns may once have been almost as numerous as Bison on the Great Plains. Their numbers were greatly reduced by over-hunting and by fences placed throughout their range, blocking their migration routes. While numbers in the West have increased through conservation efforts, there is still concern over the relatively small population of a few hundred Pronghorns in Yellowstone. Hopefully, ways can be found to protect the  Pronghorn migration routes to their wintering grounds outside the park so that future visitors can enjoy these incredible icons of the northern range.

Pronghorn bucks looking over a ridge